Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with population genetics?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with population genetics?
All organisms within a species are genetically identical.
All organisms within a species are genetically identical.
False
What is the genus and species name for humans?
What is the genus and species name for humans?
Homo sapiens
Plasticity refers to non-inheritable changes within a ________.
Plasticity refers to non-inheritable changes within a ________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Sickle cell trait is more prevalent in populations with high incidence of malaria.
Sickle cell trait is more prevalent in populations with high incidence of malaria.
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The Hardy-Weinberg equation is represented as (p + q)² = ___
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is represented as (p + q)² = ___
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What is the primary purpose of genetic screening and counseling?
What is the primary purpose of genetic screening and counseling?
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The _______ rate is calculated by dividing the number of births in a year by the mid-year population.
The _______ rate is calculated by dividing the number of births in a year by the mid-year population.
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Match the following types of resistant bacteria with their corresponding antibiotics:
Match the following types of resistant bacteria with their corresponding antibiotics:
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What does evolution primarily explain?
What does evolution primarily explain?
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Microevolution refers to evolutionary changes at the species level.
Microevolution refers to evolutionary changes at the species level.
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What is the term for random changes in allelic frequency due to chance?
What is the term for random changes in allelic frequency due to chance?
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_____ selection results from the attractive qualities of specific phenotypes to potential mates.
_____ selection results from the attractive qualities of specific phenotypes to potential mates.
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Match the following forms of evolution with their definitions:
Match the following forms of evolution with their definitions:
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as a driver of evolution?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as a driver of evolution?
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Heritable variation refers to changes in DNA that cannot be passed to the next generation.
Heritable variation refers to changes in DNA that cannot be passed to the next generation.
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What measure assesses an individual's relative reproductive success?
What measure assesses an individual's relative reproductive success?
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Study Notes
Populations & Evolution Fundamentals
- Populations evolve, with changes in allele frequencies over time
- Primates, including humans, have a shared evolutionary history
- Evolutionary relationships can be visualized using phylogenetic trees
- Different primate groups are shown on a phylogenetic tree with lemurs, lorises, tarsiers at the base. Higher order primates like monkeys and apes follow
- Multiple primate lineages, like New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and apes appear at progressive stages
- Early primates are shown at the bottom of the branching tree.
Aims of Studying Populations & Evolution
- Define key terms related to populations and evolution
- Discuss the applications of population and evolutionary principles
- Present examples of evolutionary changes
- Identify problems and controversies related to evolution
- Explain and demonstrate why this topic is important for the study of Biomedical Sciences
What is Evolution?
- Evolution is the process of inheritable change in a population over time
- Microevolution describes evolutionary changes within a population.
- Macroevolution describes changes at the level of species and their evolutionary history, including the fossil record
Forms of Evolution
- Microevolution: changes within populations (adaptive or neutral)
- Macroevolution: changes at the species level and fossil record
Evolution Needs
- Mutable Heritable Base (DNA): Genetic variation is passed from generation to generation due to differences in DNA
- Time: Evolutionary changes occur over long periods of time
Other Evolutionary Concepts
- Neutral Evolution: DNA changes that occur without phenotypic advantage. They do not alter fitness
- Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.
- Heritable Variation: DNA changes passed to the next generation
Mutable? Variation?
- DNA passes from one generation to the next through sexual reproduction (meiosis and fertilization)
- Changes at the DNA level (mutations) can be neutral, positive, or negative.
- Mutations involve changes in amino acid sequences
What Drives Evolution?
- Selective Pressure: Environmental changes, such as temperature changes, diseases (HIV, Ebola), food availability, or other environmental factors. These influences drive the selection of traits
Types of Evolution
- Adaptive Evolution: Changes driven by random DNA changes increase fitness. Individuals better adapted to environments survive and reproduce more often. This will cause allele frequencies to change.
- Natural Selection: The survival and reproduction of individuals based on their traits
- Sex Selection: The choice of mates based on phenotypic traits
Fitness
- Fitness is a measure of reproductive success of individuals, within a population.
- Evaluating fitness can involve tracing relationships between parents, offspring or grand-children.
Fitness for Humans
- A balance of energy intake (food) to output (activities). This impacts human fitness.
- Fitness can be affected by access to food, contraception, etc.
Population Relationships
- A cyclic, ongoing process: Mutations, crossover, selections and evaluations impact population trends
Why is Population and Evolution Important to BMS?
- Human-associated species: BMS impacts the environment, and in turn it is affected. This is important because changes at the micro and macro level influence populations.
- Changing evolutionary history: Human actions are altering the genetic makeup of both humans and other species.
What Is a Species?
- Organisms that can share grandchildren are considered part of a species.
- Anatomically, phenotypically and genetically similarities are important
Phylogenetic Tree
- A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships between organisms.
- A diagram depicts the evolutionary relationships between various species
- The terms genus and species are used to depict the relationship between species.
- Homo sapiens is a particular species of human
Additional Concepts
- Population genetics: studies the frequency of different alleles in populations, including those that result from mutations, selection, in-breeding, assortative mating, gene flow and random genetic drift
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: describes the theoretical conditions under which allele frequencies do not change in populations over time, This is used to assess relative frequencies
- Calculating allelic frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg equations: Shows how to predict genotype and allele frequencies when conditions are not in equilibrium
- Worked examples help determine allele frequencies using mathematical calculations demonstrating these principles
- Other topics include human disease development and evolution and the use of technology for population analysis (genomics) such as population genetic tools
Change and Variation
- Variation within populations is considered
- Plasticity, or non-heritable changes, can impact populations. These are examples of change that do not involve evolution, but are adaptations to environments
Examples of Change in Populations
- Physical traits, like height, are influenced by both genes and environmental factors.
- Medical advances, such as antibiotic use, have driven evolutionary changes in bacteria.
- Population genetics examines patterns (population change) and how human actions impact genetic makeup and evolutionary processes.
Evolution and Disease
- Co-evolution is the relationship between malaria and sickle cell anemia provides an example of the interaction between population genetics patterns, disease and evolution. Selective pressure has shaped human evolution
- Examples and case studies illustrate how different selection pressures have led to the rise in specific genetic diseases.
Removing Genes from the Population
- Genetic screening and counselling
- Prenatal genetic screening and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
Additional Concepts
- Gene therapy and germ-line gene therapy
- The alteration of DNA impacts populations and medical treatment and prevention
History of Human Populations
- Genetic features of humans are traced
- Evolution of human populations is examined via history
- Diseases and their prevalence, are illustrated by charts and maps, including those illustrating the prevalence of malaria, sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
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Description
Explore the core concepts of populations and evolution in this quiz. From understanding allele frequencies to examining phylogenetic trees, students will learn about the evolutionary relationships among primates and the significance of these topics in Biomedical Sciences. Test your knowledge on key terms, principles, and controversies in evolution.
