Population Dynamics: Density-Dependent Factors
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Population Dynamics: Density-Dependent Factors

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Questions and Answers

Match the types of values in a Chi-squared test with their descriptions:

Observed values = Actual data from the experiment Expected values = Theoretical data based on the null hypothesis Calculated values = Results from the Chi-squared equation Critical values = Values from the Chi-squared distribution table

Match the components of a Chi-squared test with their purposes:

Degrees of freedom = Determines the number of rows and columns Chi-squared value = Compares to the critical value for significance Null hypothesis = States there is no association between variables Alternative hypothesis = States there is an association between variables

Match the steps in a Chi-squared test with their descriptions:

Calculate the Chi-squared value = Using the observed and expected values Determine the degrees of freedom = Calculating rows and columns minus one Compare to the critical value = Using the Chi-squared distribution table Reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis = Based on the Chi-squared value and critical value

Match the concepts in a Chi-squared test with their definitions:

<p>Statistical significance = When the result is unlikely due to chance Critical value = The threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis Probability level = The maximum probability of Type I error Degrees of freedom = The number of independent pieces of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Chi-squared test results with their conclusions:

<p>Chi-squared value &lt; critical value = Fail to reject the null hypothesis Chi-squared value &gt; critical value = Reject the null hypothesis Chi-squared value = critical value = The result is inconclusive p-value &lt; 0.05 = The result is statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of errors in a Chi-squared test with their descriptions:

<p>Type I error = Rejecting the null hypothesis when it's true Type II error = Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it's false Alpha level = The maximum probability of Type I error Beta level = The maximum probability of Type II error</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Chi-squared test assumptions with their descriptions:

<p>Independence = Each observation is independent of the others Random sampling = The sample is representative of the population Expected frequencies = Each cell has a sufficient expected frequency Normal distribution = The data follows a normal distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Chi-squared test applications with their descriptions:

<p>Testing for association = Determining if two variables are related Testing for independence = Determining if two variables are unrelated Goodness of fit = Determining if the observed data fits a expected distribution Contingency tables = Analyzing the relationship between two categorical variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Chi-squared test statistics with their formulas:

<p>Chi-squared value = $(Σ (observed - expected)^2 / expected) Degrees of freedom = (rows - 1) x (columns - 1) p-value = The probability of observing the Chi-squared value Critical value = The value from the Chi-squared distribution table</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conclusions of a Chi-squared test with their interpretations:

<p>Reject the null hypothesis = There is a statistically significant association between variables Fail to reject the null hypothesis = There is no statistically significant association between variables The result is inconclusive = The test was unable to determine significance The null hypothesis is true = There is no association between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Chi-squared test limitations with their descriptions:

<p>Assumes independence = Each observation must be independent of the others Assumes sufficient expected frequencies = Each cell must have a sufficient expected frequency Sensitive to sample size = The result can be influenced by the sample size Only for categorical variables = The test is only applicable to categorical variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Population Dynamics

  • Population growth curves can be modeled using sigmoid curves, which show an initial phase of rapid growth, followed by a plateau as the population reaches its carrying capacity.
  • Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can support, and is influenced by density-dependent factors such as competition for limited resources, predation, and disease.
  • Density-independent factors, such as natural disasters, can also affect population growth.

Modeling Population Growth

  • Exponential growth occurs in the initial phases of population growth, but is eventually limited by density-dependent factors.
  • The sigmoid growth curve can be modeled using a graph with a logarithmic scale for population size and a non-logarithmic scale for time.

Communities and Ecosystems

  • A community consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
  • Intraspecific competition occurs between individuals of the same population, while interspecific competition occurs between different populations.
  • Mutualism is a type of interspecific relationship where both species benefit, such as in the relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legume plants.

Estimating Population Size

  • The Lincoln Index can be used to estimate population size using capture-mark-release-recapture data.
  • The formula for the Lincoln Index is: N = (n1 * n2) / n3, where n1 is the number of individuals marked and released, n2 is the number of individuals recaptured, and n3 is the number of marked individuals recaptured.

Interspecific Relationships

  • Mutualism: Rhizobium bacteria and legume plants have a mutualistic relationship where the bacteria fix nitrogen for the plant, and the plant provides the bacteria with carbohydrates.
  • Mycorrhizae: fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, providing nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates.
  • Zooxanthellae: coral polyps have a mutualistic relationship with algae that provide nutrients.

Competition for Resources

  • Invasive species can outcompete endemic species for resources, leading to a decrease in population size.
  • Examples of invasive species include Japanese Knotweed, Box-tree caterpillar, and Himalayan Balsam.

Testing for Association

  • The Chi-squared test can be used to test for association between two species.
  • The test calculates the expected frequencies of each combination of species, and compares them to the observed frequencies.
  • If the calculated Chi-squared value is greater than the critical value, the null hypothesis of no association is rejected.

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Description

This quiz covers the concepts of density-independent and density-dependent factors that affect population growth, including competition for limited resources and negative feedback control of population size.

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