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Questions and Answers
Which polysaccharide is the storage polysaccharide in animals?
Which polysaccharide is the storage polysaccharide in animals?
Which component of starch has a non-branching helical structure?
Which component of starch has a non-branching helical structure?
Which enzyme do humans lack to digest cellulose?
Which enzyme do humans lack to digest cellulose?
Which of the following is a homopolymer of glucose forming an α-glucosidic chain?
Which of the following is a homopolymer of glucose forming an α-glucosidic chain?
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What is the chief constituent of plant cell walls that cannot be digested by humans?
What is the chief constituent of plant cell walls that cannot be digested by humans?
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Which member of heteropolysaccharides may be attached to a protein molecule to form a proteoglycan?
Which member of heteropolysaccharides may be attached to a protein molecule to form a proteoglycan?
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Which type of sugars cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates?
Which type of sugars cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates?
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How many monosaccharide units are typically found in oligosaccharides?
How many monosaccharide units are typically found in oligosaccharides?
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What enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose into D-glucose and D-fructose?
What enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose into D-glucose and D-fructose?
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Which sugar is obtained by the action of amylase enzyme on starch?
Which sugar is obtained by the action of amylase enzyme on starch?
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What type of molecules are polysaccharides?
What type of molecules are polysaccharides?
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What is the main function of oligosaccharides in the body?
What is the main function of oligosaccharides in the body?
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Which type of lipids act as electrical and thermal insulators?
Which type of lipids act as electrical and thermal insulators?
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What is the main difference between Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) and Unsaturated Fatty Acids (USFA)?
What is the main difference between Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) and Unsaturated Fatty Acids (USFA)?
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Which group does Phospholipids belong to among the lipid classification provided?
Which group does Phospholipids belong to among the lipid classification provided?
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What is the main function of Triacylglycerols in animals?
What is the main function of Triacylglycerols in animals?
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Which type of lipoprotein serves as a means of transporting lipids in the blood?
Which type of lipoprotein serves as a means of transporting lipids in the blood?
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What are the esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohol called?
What are the esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohol called?
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Study Notes
Polysaccharides
- Starch is a homopolymer of glucose, forming an α-glucosidic chain, and is the most important dietary carbohydrate in cereals, potatoes, and other vegetables.
- Starch consists of two main constituents: amylose (13%-20%) and amylopectin (80%-87%).
- Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in animals and is sometimes called animal starch.
- Dextrins are produced during the hydrolysis of starch.
- Cellulose is the chief constituent of plant cell walls, insoluble, and consists of β-D-glucopyranose units linked by β1 → 4 bonds.
- Human digestive system lacks any enzyme that hydrolyzes the β1 → 4 bonds, and so cannot digest cellulose.
- Cellulose is an important component of human diet as it increases the bulk of intestinal contents, stimulates intestinal contractions, and prevents constipation.
Heteropolysaccharides
- Glycosaminoglycans are the most important members of this group.
- Examples of glycosaminoglycans are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin.
- Glycophorin is a major integral membrane glycoprotein of human erythrocytes.
Carbohydrates
- The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides.
- Carbohydrates are classified into four groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are those sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates, and contain one saccharide (sugar) unit.
- Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are condensation products of two monosaccharide units.
- Examples of disaccharides are lactose, maltose, isomaltose, and sucrose.
- Maltose is obtained by the action of amylase enzyme on starch and is hydrolyzed by maltase enzyme into 2 molecules of D-glucose.
- Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase enzyme into D-glucose and D-fructose.
- Lactose is hydrolyzed by lactase enzyme into D-glucose and D-galactose.
- Isomaltose is formed by the action of amylase enzyme on starch.
Lipids
- Lipids have the common property of being relatively insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents.
- Functions of lipids include:
- Being important dietary constituents due to high energy value and essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
- Fat storage in adipose tissue.
- Acting as electrical and thermal insulators.
- Combination of lipid and protein (lipoprotein) serving as a means of transporting lipids in the blood.
- Lipids are classified into three main groups: simple lipids, complex lipids, and precursor and derived lipids.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are mostly contain even number of carbon atoms.
- Fatty acids are classified into two main groups: saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA).
- Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds.
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.
Triglycerides
- Triglycerides or triacylglycerols function as energy reservoirs in animals.
- They are not components of cellular membranes.
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Description
Explore the characteristics and main constituents of starch and glycogen, which are homopolysaccharides composed of glucose. Learn about the structure and significance of these important dietary carbohydrates in plants and animals.
