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Questions and Answers
The conventional polygraph records respiration, galvanic skin response, and ______ activity.
The conventional polygraph records respiration, galvanic skin response, and ______ activity.
cardiovascular
A computerized polygraph collects and stores ______ data from the subject.
A computerized polygraph collects and stores ______ data from the subject.
physiological
______ testing involves two people undergoing polygraph exams in separate rooms.
______ testing involves two people undergoing polygraph exams in separate rooms.
Paired
Some private companies in the Philippines require pre- ______ polygraph screening.
Some private companies in the Philippines require pre- ______ polygraph screening.
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A periodic ______ is used to determine the honesty and integrity of a current employee.
A periodic ______ is used to determine the honesty and integrity of a current employee.
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Case ______ is conducted when there is an incident or issue under question.
Case ______ is conducted when there is an incident or issue under question.
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Post-conviction sex offender testing is conducted to monitor the behavior of offenders on parole or ______.
Post-conviction sex offender testing is conducted to monitor the behavior of offenders on parole or ______.
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The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and is considered the ______ system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and is considered the ______ system.
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The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the emergency or ______ system.
The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the emergency or ______ system.
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[Blank] is the complex interactive regulatory system by which the body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium.
[Blank] is the complex interactive regulatory system by which the body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium.
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The ______ is a part of the brain that controls the endocrine-hormonal system and maintains homeostasis.
The ______ is a part of the brain that controls the endocrine-hormonal system and maintains homeostasis.
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Activated sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight by causing the adrenal glands to secrete ______ and norepinephrine.
Activated sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight by causing the adrenal glands to secrete ______ and norepinephrine.
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[Blank] gives the body sudden energy in times of stress and is known as the fight and flight response.
[Blank] gives the body sudden energy in times of stress and is known as the fight and flight response.
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The ______ system is responsible for the movement of blood throughout the body.
The ______ system is responsible for the movement of blood throughout the body.
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The upper two chambers of the heart are the auricles, while the lower two are the ______.
The upper two chambers of the heart are the auricles, while the lower two are the ______.
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The ______ system involves taking air into the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from the body.
The ______ system involves taking air into the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from the body.
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Context and a combination of factors are key for better deception ______.
Context and a combination of factors are key for better deception ______.
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Frequent ______ can be a non-verbal cue of lying.
Frequent ______ can be a non-verbal cue of lying.
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If someone is lying, they will not look you in the ______.
If someone is lying, they will not look you in the ______.
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A change in the ______ of a person’s tone could indicate a lie.
A change in the ______ of a person’s tone could indicate a lie.
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If a person ______ with their hands, it could mean they’re telling a lie.
If a person ______ with their hands, it could mean they’re telling a lie.
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The respiratory tract comprises the nose and mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and ______.
The respiratory tract comprises the nose and mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and ______.
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The bony cage includes the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the breast bone or the ______.
The bony cage includes the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the breast bone or the ______.
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Men are Deep Breathers, breathing up to their ______, while women are Shallow Breathers, breathing up to their chest.
Men are Deep Breathers, breathing up to their ______, while women are Shallow Breathers, breathing up to their chest.
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The skin is defined as the external covering of the ______.
The skin is defined as the external covering of the ______.
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The integumentary system is composed of the skin, hair, nails and various ______.
The integumentary system is composed of the skin, hair, nails and various ______.
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Protection against injuries and parasitic invasions is one of the skin's basic ______.
Protection against injuries and parasitic invasions is one of the skin's basic ______.
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The Galvanic Skin Response/Reflex (GSR) tests measure changes in ______ to a steady electrical current.
The Galvanic Skin Response/Reflex (GSR) tests measure changes in ______ to a steady electrical current.
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The most difficult type of lie that a subject could use in an interview is the lie of ______.
The most difficult type of lie that a subject could use in an interview is the lie of ______.
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The lie of ______ involves accepting something has occurred but downplaying its implications.
The lie of ______ involves accepting something has occurred but downplaying its implications.
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Sensors on the scalp capture ERPs, revealing brain activity triggered by noises, words, text, and ______.
Sensors on the scalp capture ERPs, revealing brain activity triggered by noises, words, text, and ______.
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A strategic lie told when the truth may cause harm to a third party is an ______ lie.
A strategic lie told when the truth may cause harm to a third party is an ______ lie.
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Electroencephalography (EEG): This technique measures brain wave ______ and can be used to identify patterns associated with lying.
Electroencephalography (EEG): This technique measures brain wave ______ and can be used to identify patterns associated with lying.
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The ______ system's function is automatic.
The ______ system's function is automatic.
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A ______ lie is common in communist countries and is used to destroy other ideologies through propaganda.
A ______ lie is common in communist countries and is used to destroy other ideologies through propaganda.
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[Blank] lies are acts of deception, which are not usually seen as immoral, that take place in the context of a game.
[Blank] lies are acts of deception, which are not usually seen as immoral, that take place in the context of a game.
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[Blank] is a polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being merely misleading.
[Blank] is a polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being merely misleading.
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The lie of ______ is described as 'stretching the truth' to make something appear more powerful or meaningful than it is.
The lie of ______ is described as 'stretching the truth' to make something appear more powerful or meaningful than it is.
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[Blank] lies are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all present parties.
[Blank] lies are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all present parties.
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[Blank] lies often contain statements that are not credible.
[Blank] lies often contain statements that are not credible.
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Some ______ systems may find lying to be justified
Some ______ systems may find lying to be justified
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Flashcards
Conventional Polygraph
Conventional Polygraph
Records respiration, skin response, and cardiovascular activity.
Computerized Polygraph
Computerized Polygraph
Collects and stores physiological data in an efficient way.
Uses of Polygraph
Uses of Polygraph
Applications of polygraphs in various fields such as employment and investigations.
Pre-employment Testing
Pre-employment Testing
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Periodic Audit
Periodic Audit
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Paired Testing
Paired Testing
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Post-conviction Sex Offender Testing
Post-conviction Sex Offender Testing
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Parasympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
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Sympathetic NS
Sympathetic NS
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Epinephrine
Epinephrine
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
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Circulatory System
Circulatory System
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Four Chambers of the Heart
Four Chambers of the Heart
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Systole and Diastole
Systole and Diastole
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Respiratory Tract
Respiratory Tract
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Breathing Rate in Newborns
Breathing Rate in Newborns
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Adult Breathing Rate
Adult Breathing Rate
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Skin Functions
Skin Functions
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Galvanic Skin Response
Galvanic Skin Response
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ERP Brain Waves
ERP Brain Waves
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Truth vs. Lie Detection in the Brain
Truth vs. Lie Detection in the Brain
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Integumentary System
Integumentary System
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Lie of Fabrication
Lie of Fabrication
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Lie of Minimization
Lie of Minimization
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Emergency Lie
Emergency Lie
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Red Lie
Red Lie
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Bluffing Lie
Bluffing Lie
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Dissembling Lie
Dissembling Lie
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Lie of Exaggeration
Lie of Exaggeration
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Jocose Lie
Jocose Lie
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Promotion Lie / Puffery Lie
Promotion Lie / Puffery Lie
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Belief System
Belief System
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Verbal Cues of Lying
Verbal Cues of Lying
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Non-Verbal Cues of Lying
Non-Verbal Cues of Lying
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Common Signs of Lying
Common Signs of Lying
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No Eye Contact
No Eye Contact
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Change in Voice
Change in Voice
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Study Notes
Chapter 2: Concept of Lie Detection
- Lie detection is the process of identifying whether someone is deliberately providing false information or trying to deceive.
- Objectives for the study of lie detection include familiarizing with terminology, identifying human body activities recorded by a polygraph, discussing variations and types of lies, and applying principles of lie detection.
Concept of Lie
- The process of lie detection involves identifying if someone is deliberately presenting false information or trying to deceive.
Lie Detection
- Lie detection, often referred to as deception detection, commonly uses a polygraph.
- Polygraph exams have been shown to distinguish truth telling from lying at a rate exceeding chance, though not perfect, according to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
Psychophysiology
- Psychophysiology is a branch of psychology studying the physiological basis of psychological processes.
- It combines the Greek words "psykhe" meaning "breath, life, soul," "physis" meaning "nature, origin," and "logos" meaning "study of."
Polygraph Examination
- A polygraph examination involves monitoring and recording the examinee's respiration, electrodermal activity (sweat gland activity), and cardiovascular activity.
- Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (PDD) studies the relationship between PDD tests and their application in legal systems.
Polygraph Test
- Polygraph examiners may use various tests such as relevant-irrelevant, general question, and peak of tension tests.
Polygraph
- The word "polygraph" combines "poly," meaning "many," and "graphos," meaning "writing chart."
- A polygraph is an instrument that records multiple physiological responses simultaneously to detect deception.
- The process involves measuring changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, and skin resistance.
- The polygraph does not detect lies; it simply measures physiological changes that may accompany deception.
Two General Types of Polygraph
- Conventional Polygraph: Records respiration, galvanic skin response, and cardiovascular activity.
- Computerized Polygraph: Collects and stores physiological data from the subject efficiently.
Uses of Polygraph
- Pre-employment: Some private companies in the Philippines use polygraph exams for applicant screening.
- Periodic Audit: Companies use polygraph tests to assess employee honesty and integrity.
- Case Investigation: Polygraph testing can be performed in the field when there are incidents or urgent issues.
- Paired Testing: Both parties in an investigation undergo polygraph exams in separate rooms with different examiners.
- Post-Conviction Sex Offender Testing: Polygraph exams monitor the behavior of convicted sex offenders on parole or probation.
Other terms related to lie
- Stimulus: The force or motion that reaches an organism.
- Deception: An act of deceiving or misleading.
- Detection: The act of discovering something hidden.
- Lie Detection: The methodology for detecting deception.
- Fear: An emotional response to perceived danger.
- Chart or Polygrams: A composite record of various physiological measures.
The Science of Human Body System
- Body activities recorded by a polygraph include respiratory activity (chest), electrodermal (sweat gland) activity (finger/palm), and cardiovascular activity (blood pressure).
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS receives, evaluates, integrates, and stores environmental stimuli.
- It then sends messages to specific body parts for reactions.
- The peripheral nervous system comprises other nerve pathways.
Two Divisions of the CNS
- Somatic NS: Controls voluntary muscles.
- Autonomic NS: Controls involuntary bodily functions
Two Divisions of the Autonomic NS
- Parasympathetic: Responsible for conserving energy and housekeeping, restraining sympathetic arousal and maintaining homeostasis.
- Sympathetic: Activates the “emergency” or “fight or flight” system in times of stress, triggering sudden changes.
Homeostasis
- The body strives to maintain internal equilibrium through a complex regulatory system maintained by the hypothalamus.
When the Sympathetic Nervous System is Activated
- The adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Blood is directed to areas needing it most for emergency response.
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine: constricts peripheral blood flow, elevates body temperature, increases heart activity, promotes metabolic activity, and inhibits digestive processes.
- Norepinephrine: provides the body with quick energy needed for stress response (“fight or flight”). Its actions are similar to but slightly different from epinephrine.
Brain Waves
- ERPs (Event-Related Potentials) are brain waves used to uncover brain processes and have shown promise in lie detection using sensors on the scalp which reveal brain activity.
- EEG (Electroencephalography) measures brainwave activity and has shown that specific brain wave patterns distinguish a lie from the truth.
Brain Imagery
- FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) tracks brain blood usage over time.
- Active brain areas consume more blood than inactive ones, and regional imaging can differentiate control and guilty actions.
Eye Tracking
- Tracking eye movements can assess whether a person has previously seen an image.
Facial Electromyography (fEMG)
- fEMG measures facial muscle activity, including the zygomatic major muscle (associated with smiling).
- Increased muscle activity may be linked with positive emotional stimuli. Micro-expressions are expressions individuals try to hide, indicating potential dishonesty.
Narco-Interrogation/Analysis/Administration of Truth Serum
- This method detects deception through use of narcotics or anesthetics, allowing for testing of truthful answers.
- These truth serum methods are unreliable because they are intrusive to the brain, have long-term effects, and can cause distortions in answers.
Reaction Time
- According to Carl Jung, complexes associated with words/concepts can slow down responses during stimuli/testing.
- Studies show deception often delays response time.
Statement Content Analysis
- Police may use text analysis to identify patterns, tenses, and narrative sequences in initial investigations.
Voice Stress Analysis/Risk Analysis (VSA)
- Voice Stress Analysis uses computerized techniques to detect variances in pitch, intensity and microtremors.
- Nerve interference is proposed as a cause of distorted sound waves during deception.
Thermal Imaging
- Modern cameras and computers detect deception through heat patterns in the subject’s face (mostly the eyes) because of physiological arousal.
- Lie detection method is promising but cost is an important factor.
Gesture Analysis
- Hand, arm, leg and head movements reflect emotions and attitudes.
- Gestures can be a modest factor in detecting deception.
Use of Alcoholic/Vino Veritas
- The technique, 'in wine there is truth', suggests a tendency of subjects to be more open and disregard implications, especially when alcohol is involved.
Word Association Test/Stimulus Association Test
- Galton's 1870 test involves presenting words, objects or photographs to subjects under time pressure.
- The test assesses criteria of incriminating answer words and delayed answer times for indications of deception.
Use of Hypnotism
- This is generally the least reliable method due to the subject being under the direct control of the hypnotist.
Polygraph (repeated)
- In a polygraph exam, examiners ask questions and observe the responses while the apparatus records physiological responses such as cardiovascular activity, skin resistance, and respiration.
Truth vs. Lie
- A truthful statement is a deliberate, complete and objective communication, conveying the recollection of events as they exist.
- A lie is characterized by the deliberate omission/misleading information, which is used to hide reasons, maintain reputation, avoid repercussions or protect feelings.
Variations of a Lie
- Derail: Changing the subject of the discussion to avoid the truth.
- Confuse: Quibbling to confuse an issue or deliberately use ambiguity to mislead.
- Misinform: Inventing or telling a false story of the event.
Kinds of Lies
- Bald-faced Lie: A lie that is obvious to all concerned, like acknowledging that someone didn't eat chocolate cake, but chocolate was on their teeth.
- Lie of Omission: Leaving out an important fact for one's own advantage,
- Lie to Children: Lies that use platitudes, e.g., telling a child that someone will kidnap them if they disobey.
- White/Benign Lie: A lie meant to avoid harmful implications or negative consequences.
- Noble Lie: Uncovered lies that benefit the liar or society.
- Direct Denial: A direct refusal of the act in question.
- Lie of Fabrication: A lie by completely inventing a false story to cover up or deflect.
- Lie of Minimization: Downplaying an event.
- Emergency Lie: A strategic lie to prevent harm to someone else.
- Red Lie: Used in propaganda to discredit other ideologies.
- Bluffing Lie: Deception that isn't always perceived as immoral (e.g., in a game).
- Dissembling Lie: A polite form of misleading by being falsely friendly or agreeable.
- Lie of Exaggeration: Making something seem greater than it is, such as in job interviews.
- Jocose Lie: A lie meant as a joke.
- Promotion/Puffery Lie: A type of advertising in which the product is exaggerated.
- Lie of Compliment: Saying something false to please others.
- Malicious Lie: Chronic misleading of justice.
Kinds of Liars
- Panic Liar: A liar who attempts to avoid the consequences of telling the truth.
- Occupational Liar: A liar whose career often involves lying.
- Tournament Liar: A liar who is excited by the challenge of not being detected.
- Ethnological Liar: A liar who was trained not to be the "squealer."
- Pathological Liar: Someone who has no conscience; their fabricated lies can drastically impact others.
- Psychopathic Liar: A liar who doesn't experience regret.
Verbal vs. Nonverbal Cues of Lying
- Verbal: Inconsistencies in stories, excessive details, and Hesitation.
- Nonverbal: Body language (fidgeting, eye contact, changes in speech or volume), facial expressions.
Verbal Cues of Lying (repeated)
- Response length/repetition of questions.
- Incomplete sentences.
- Excessive politeness.
- Using oaths.
- Clarity/word choice.
- Assertiveness.
- Inconsistencies.
- Errors in speech.
- Pauses.
- Speed of speech.
Nonverbal Cues of Lying (repeated)
- Emblems.
- Manipulators.
- Breathing.
- Sweating.
- Facial muscles
- Eye.
- Face
Seven Common Signs of Lying
- No eye contact.
- Change in voice.
- Unusual body language.
- Something sounds fishy.
- Overly defensive.
- Change the subject easily.
- Humor or sarcasm.
Theories of Polygraph
- Emotional changes in a person can cause observable physiological changes, which are recorded and analyzed..
- A person's fears, anxieties and apprehensions may focus on aspects of the situation that are perceived as a threat to well-being.
- The fear of being detected as untruthful can also cause physiological reactions.
Conclusion
- Polygraphs aren’t foolproof, and lie detection success requires knowledge of science and awareness of factors affecting behavior, both truthful and deceptive.
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Description
Test your knowledge on polygraph testing, including the various physiological responses it measures, the types of testing conducted, and the systems involved in regulating the body's responses. This quiz covers important concepts related to polygraph technology and its applications.
