Lie Detection Methods PDF

CHAPTER 2 CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION  OBJECTIVES Familiarize with terminologies associated with the study of lie detection. Identify human body activities being recorded by the polygraph. Discuss the variations and ty...

CHAPTER 2 CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION  OBJECTIVES Familiarize with terminologies associated with the study of lie detection. Identify human body activities being recorded by the polygraph. Discuss the variations and types of lies; and Apply the principles of lie detection.  CONCEPT OF LIE The DETECTION process of identifying whether an individual is deliberately providing false information or attempting to deceive.  CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION LIE DETECTION Is referred to as deception detection “Polygraph” is the most common and extensively utilized method it can distinguish between lying from truth telling at rates higher than above chance, although not perfectly, according to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.  CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION PSYCHOPHYSIOLO GY A branch of psychology that deals with the physiological bases of psychological processes. It came from the Greek words: Psykhe means “breath, life, soul” Physis means “nature, origin”, and Logos which means “study of.”  CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION It's an activity where the examinee monitored and recorded his respiration, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity by his examiner. A Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (PDD), it refers to the study of a relationship between PDD tests and the application to a legal system.  CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION POLYGRAPH TEST An examiner can employ a series of tests such as relevant-irrelevant test, general question test, peak of tension test, etc.  CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION POLYGRAPH It was derived from the word POLY which means ‘many’ and GRAPHOS means “writing chart”. It literally means “many writings” It refers to the science of the test, in which several physiological responses/changes are measured at the same time to detect signs of deception. This process is called forensic psychophysiology. This is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances especially of lying when questioned. This instrument does not detect lies. It can only detect whether deceptive behavior is being displayed.  TWO GENERAL TYPES OF POLYGRAPH CONVENTIONAL POLYGRAPH Old and traditional it records respiration, galvanic skin response or electrodermal response and cardiovascular activity. COMPUTERIZED POLYGRAPH It c ollects an d s tore phy s iologic al from th e s ubjec t in th e eas ies t w ay.  USES OF POLYGRAPH 01 02 03 01 02 03 04 05 CASE POST-CONVICTION PRE-EMPLOYMENT PERIODIC AUDIT PAIRED T ESTING INVESTIGATION SEX OFFENDER TEST ING whereby some private : to determine the : conducted in ‘the In this test, both c onduc t e d t o t hose companies in the honesty and integrity fi eld today when there person s c onvic t e d of sex Philippines require of the presen t is an incident or issue simultane ously c rime s t o monit or t he ir their applicants to employee with the under question. undergo a polygraph be havior while unde r undergo polygraph company. exam in separate parole or probat ion. screening test. rooms with diff eren t examiners.  THOMAS FirstJEFFERSON person known to use the term polygraph to describe one of his inventions which could repeatedly rewrite TRIVI An Foren s ic words in 1790 A Ps y c hoph ys iologis t is a profes s ion al term for Polygra ph examin er  OTHER TERMS REL ATED TO LIE Stimulus – is the forceDETECTION or motion Detection - refers to the act of discovering the reaching the organism from the existence, presence of facts of something hidden. environment and excites the perceptors Lie Detection - refers to the method of Deception - An act of deceiving or detecting deception. misleading usually accompanied by Fear - is an emotional response to scientific Lying. danger that appears to be beyond a person’s Detection - An act of discovery defensive power. existence pressure or fact of something Chart Or Polygrams - refers to the composite hidden or obscure. records of the pneumograph, galvanograph, Lie – refers to uttering intentionally and cardiograph tracings recorded from series questions. false statements Lying - An uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false statement. THE SCIENCE OF THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM  3 BODY ACTIVITIES RECORDED BY THE POLYGRAPH 1.Respiratory Activity - monitored by placing rubber tubes across the subject’s chest. 2.Electro Dermal or “Sweat Gland” Activity - recorded by placing fi nger or palm electrodes. 3.Cardiovascular Activity - collected by a blood pressure cuff or similar device.  THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) The CNS activates the body system by receiving, evaluating, integrating, and storing environmental stimuli. It then sends messages to specifi c body parts and organs for a specifi c reaction. All other nerve ways are within the peripheral nervous system  TWO DIVISIONS OF THE CNS 1.Somatic NS- voluntary muscles comparative over skeletal muscles. 2.Autonomic NS- involuntary physiological functions.  TWO DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NS 1.Parasympathetic: housekeeping or braking system, responsible for conserving energy and ensuring necessary bodily functions.  restrains sympathetic arousal and attempts to maintain homeostaSIS (homeostasis) normal.  TWO DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NS 2.Sympathetic: emergency/ action system, causes the sudden and dramatic Homeostasis - is a complex interactive regulatory system by which the body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium. Hypothalamus - is a series of groups of nerve cells of the brain that control the entire endocrine- hormonal system. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it immediately prepares the body for fight or flight by causing the adrenal glands to secrete hormones known as epinephrine and norepinephrine and the blood will be distributed to those areas of the body where it is most needed to meet the emergency. Epinephrine: constrict peripheral blood flow, raise body temperature, increase cardiac activity, promote metabolic activity and inhibit digestive processes. Norepinephrine: gives the body sudden energy in times of stress, known as the “fight and flight response”.  THE CIRCUL ATORY SYSTEM (CS) Responsible for the movement of the blood in the veins and the arteries throughout the body. Giving life to the system is the Heart.  THE CIRCUL ATORY SYSTEM (CS) Four Chambers of the Heart - The AURI CLES upper two being returned chambers of to the heart by the veins which are the Auricles and the VENTRI CLES lower two are the from Auricles and pump it Ventricles out into the arteries. The heart cycle consists of Systole and Diastole. Systole begins with the contraction of the atria, followed by the contraction of the left atria. After a brief pause, both ventricles and chambers contract.  THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The taking of air into the lungs and also expelling carbon dioxide here from and the rest of our body. This system, like the nervous and circulatory system, is equally important to lie detection. Its function is automatic  THE CIRCUL ATORY SYSTEM (CS) MAJ OR PARTS RESPIRATORY TRACT BONY-CAGE includes the thoracic comprises the nose vertebrae, the ribs and and mouth, pharynx, the breast bone or the larynx, trachea, sternum bronchi and lungs  BREATHING TRIVI CAPACITY New-born : 50-70 c yc les per min u te. Ch ildren (1-5 yea rs old): 20-30 c yc les per min ute. Adu lts (with ou t a ge c on s idera tion): 15- 20 c yc les per minu te. In s hort, an av era ge pers on c an Men a re Deep Brea thers , A th en brea th e in a bout 2, 000 c c brea thin g u p to th eir s toma c h , of a ir a n d c a n expel a bou t 3, 500 wh ile women a re Sha llow cc. Brea th ers , brea thin g u p to th eir c h es t.  THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (ES) The skin is defi ned as the external covering of the body. Composed of the skin, hair, nails and various glands.  THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (ES) THE SKIN’S BASIC FUNCTIONS Protection again st injuries and parasitic invasion s. Regulation o f bo dy temperatu re. Sending stimu li from the external environ ment and con tributing to the syn th esis of vitamin C.  GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE/REFLEX (GSR) TESTS The device measures changes in resistance to a steady electrical current supplied by an amplifi er, in response to stimuli that alter sweat gland activity. SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF DETECTING DECEPTION  BRAIN WAVES  Used in neurophysiology for decades to uncover processes in the brain. ERPs, a type of brain wave, may be useful in detecting lies.  Sensors on the scalp capture ERPs, revealing brain activity triggered by noises, words, text, and images. ERPs can indicate guilt when criminal material is put in a list of irrelevant information.  BRAIN WAVES Electroencephalography (EEG): This technique measures brain wave activity and can be used to identify patterns associated with lying. Certain studies have shown that specific brain wave patterns can differ significantly when individuals lie compared to when they tell the truth.  BRAIN IMAGERY  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) is a promising instrument for lie detection.  A powerful magnet and advanced algorithms in an fMRI gadget track the brain's blood usage over time. Presumably, active brain areas consume more blood than inactive ones.  Regional imaging achieves statistical separation of control and guilty items.  BRAIN IMAGERY Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): While not measuring brain waves directly, this imaging technique assesses brain activity and has been used to explore the neurological underpinnings of  EYE TRACKING The pattern of a person’s eye movements over an image can reveal whether the person has seen the image before  FACIAL Facial electromyography Micro-expressions ANALYSIS (FEMG) Muscle activity is zygomatic major muscle This refers to measured by Tho se co ntro ls emotions that the sm iling, is said to electromyograph individual is be po sitiv e ly attempting to y, which detects asso ciate d w ith conceal. Several and amplifi es positiv e e m o tio nal studies indicate an electrical stim uli and accuracy ab ove impulses from positiv e a nd 80% for detecting muscle fi bers positiv e m o o d dishonesty. during state. contractions.  NARCO -INTERROGATION/ NARCO - ANALYSIS/ ADMINISTRATION OF TRUTH SERUM This is detecting deception methods using narcotic or anesthetic drugs. Researchers use hydroxyzine hydrobromide, sodium amytal, pentothal, and other ba rbiturates to deceive subjects. Because of its depressive eff ects on the nervous system, the information is unreliable, and drunken comments are inadmissible.  REACTION TIME According to Carl Jun g's theory, in dividu als h ave complexes associated with words th at hin der th eir ability to respon d to stimu li. Recen t evidence su ggests deception slows respon se time.  STATEMENT CONTENT ANALYSIS Police frequ ently use th is lie detection method in th eir in itial in vestigation s because it u ses text analysis to identify pattern s, verb ten ses, an d n arrative sequences without the u se of techn ology. VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS/VOICE RISK ANALYSIS (VS A)/ PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR Allen Bell Jr. an d Charles McQuiston in vented a computer-based tech nique to compare pitch, frequen cy, in tensity, and microtremors, claiming th at nerve interferen ce causes distorted sound waves w hile lying.  THERMAL IMAGING Mo dern ca me ra a n d c o mput e r t e ch no lo gy c a n de te c t fraud u sin g bo dy h e a t. Therma l c a me ra s de te c t phy sio lo gica l aro usa l in a pe rso n's fa c e , mo stly a ro u nd th e e y e s. The se c ha nge s may o cc ur du ring de ce pt io n, m a king t he rma l ima ging a n attract iv e ne w lie de t e c tio n me t ho d. The co st o f ca me ra s a nd instrume n ts, a s we ll a s t he ra pid and min ute ch a nge s du ring de c e pt io n, ma ke s it expensiv e. GESTURE ANALYSIS The movement of hands, arms, legs, and head can communicate un derlying emotion s and attitudes. Gesture analysis in dicates a modest favorable impact in identifying deception.  USE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES The technique of vino veritas, a belief that "in wine there is truth," has been found eff ective in detecting deception. Subjects have a tendency to respond without considering the implications of their words, especially when using hard liquor. WORD ASSOCIATION TEST/ STIMULUS ASSOCOAITIION TEST Galton's technique, fi rst devised in 1870, uses time pressure to present words, objects, or photographs. In Galton’s technique, there are two main criteria for detecting indications of deception. These are the incriminating answer words and delayed answer criteria.  USE OF HYPNOTISM This is the most unreliable means the subject in this test will be under the control of the hypnotist. Hypnosis is a state of altered consciousness and focused attention.  POLYGRAPH In this process, the examiner formulates questions and observes subject responses, while the instrument records physiological responses, focusing on cardiovascular activity, skin resistance, and respiration. TRUTH VS. LIE T R Deliberate, complete and objective commu nication of the recollectio n of a perso n, U place, th ing and/o r event which the T commu nication believes to exist, h ave existed or H occurred. Prevaricatio n is th e deliberate o missio n o f info rmatio n in tended to deceive o r mislead, often L fo r reasons such as maintainin g reputation , I protecting feelings, or avo iding pun ishmen t. E  VARIATION OF LIE CONFUSE DERAIL MISINFORM Quibble or confuse the Invent or Change the issue, or perpetra te a subject of deliberately use false story with discussion in ambiguity in the intent to order to avoid order to deceive deceive or the truth or mislead. mislea d. KINDS OF LIE  BALD FACED LIE A lie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned it is a lie. EXAMPLE: someone with chocolate on their teeth next to an empty plate saying, “I didn’t eat the chocolate cake.”  LIE OF OMISSION One lies by omission is by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving another person with a misconception. EXAMPLE: telling your partner, you had fun golfi ng with friends but not mentioning you ran into your ex.  LIE-TO - CHILDREN Often a platitude that may use euphemism that is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children EXAMPLE: A parent saying, “If you don’t follow me, a kidnapper will come to kidnap you while I’m gone.”  WHITE/ BENIGN LIE The lie is told to avoid the harmful implications and realistic implications of the truth. EXAMPLE: If we get a call by somebody who's late and they cla im to be "fi ve minutes away," we all intrinsically know this isn't true.  NOBLE LIE An un covered, but that off ers some benefi t to th e liar and perhaps assists in an orderly s ociety and thus potentially gives some benefi t to others. EXAM PLE: th e Ch inese government paying the Google to cover up the fact that th ey mas sacred their own citizen,  DIRECT DENIAL This is a direct denial of the act in question that creates an emotional sense of disturb ance. EXAMPLE: When you were caug ht cheating b y your teacher and you said , “I did n’t d o anything wrong.”  LIE OF FABRICATION This is the most diffi cult typ e of lie that a sub ject could use in an interview. EXAMPLE: Telling your boss that the sub way broke down when in fact you just forgot to set your alarm.  LIE OF MINIMIZATION Individuals will a ccept that so mething has occurred but do wnplay s implicatio ns. So meho w a subject wanted to stay clo se to the truth, ho wever, he co v ers the truth fo r his o r her o wn benefi t. EXAMPLE: Saying it was just an accident when y o u recklessly bumped into a no ther car. EMERGENCY LIE As strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for example, harm to a third party would come of it.  RED LIE Common to communist countries. This lie is to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda. EXAMPLE: Propaganda use arguments and fake news to attack their opponent.  BLUFFING LIE is an act of deception that is not usually seen as immoral because it takes place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players.  DISSEMBLING LIE A polite term for lying, though some might con sider it to refer to being merely misleadin g. EXAM PLE: Adopting a falsely friendly or agreeable demeanor to win favor or manipulate oth er perceptions, concealing underlyin g motives or intensions.  LIE OF EXAGGERATION Described as “stretch in g th e tr u th ” or makin g something appear more power fu l, mean in gfu l or real than it actu ally is. EXAM PLE: In a job in ter view situ ation , someon e might stretch th e tru th abou t th eir experien ce or skills to make th em appear more qu alifi ed for th e position.  JOCOSE LIE Lies that are mean t in jest an d are u su ally understood as su ch by all presen t parties. Sarcasm can be an example. EXAM PLE: You cou ld playfu lly tell someon e, "I th in k your hair looks amazin g... green !" wh ile knowing th ey recen tly dyed it green.  PROMOTION LIE/ PUFFERY LIE Advertisemen ts often con tain s tatemen ts th at are not credible. EXAM PLE: "These s n eakers will make you ru n like the wind!". T h is statemen t is a pu ff er y lie. It exagger ates th e ben efi t of th e sn eaker s but does n ' t claim th ey h ave magical speed-boostin g properties.  BELIEF SYSTEM It is alleged that some belief systems may fi nd lying to be justifi ed. EXAMPLE: A pastor saying that only their re lig ion can save anyone from his or her sins. LIE OF COMPLIMENT OR FALSE ASSURANCE A lie intended to please others. EXAMPLE: Telling someone that his new haircut looks very neat, when it is laughable. MALICIOUS LIE A ch ron ic lie us ed to mis lead jus tice. EXA M PLE: If s omeone's s tory keeps cha nging or they s eem to forget deta ils they prev ious ly mentioned, it cou ld be a s ign they are fa brica ting or manipula ting the tru th. KINDS OF LIARS A person who loves to lie and A person who is excited by the lies in order to Someone who has challenge of not avoid the lied for years. This being detected. consequences of person is a practical liar and confession. lies when it has a TOURNAMEN higher payoff than TAL LIAR PANIC LIAR telling the truth. OCCUPATIO NAL LIAR KINDS OF LIARS A person who A person cannot was trained distinguish what is not to be a Has no right from wrong. squealer. conscience and This are those his lies may persons who are mentally sick. cause death to A person who ETHNOLOGI others. always CAL LIAR PATHOLOGIC pretends and AL LIAR PSYCHOPAT a hypocrite. HIC LIAR BL ACK LIAR  VERBAL VS NON- VERBAL CUES OF LYING Nonverbally, look for fidgeting, changes in eye contact, or changes in speech patterns like pitch Verbal cues might include or volume. Remember, inconsistencies in the story, these cues can be caused excessive details, or hesitation by nervousness unrelated when answering questions. to lying, so context and a combination of factors are key for better deception detection. VERBAL CUES OF LYING Methods of responding to the questions Length of time before giving response Repetition of Questions Incomplete Sentences Being overly polite Oaths Clarity of Response Use of words Assertiveness Inconsistencies Slip of the Tongue Tirades Pauses Speed of speech NON-VERBAL CUES OF LYING Emblems Manipulators Breathing Sweating Frequent Swallowing Facial Muscles Eyes Face SEVEN COMMON SIGNS OF LYING 1.No eye contact 2.Change in voice 3.Unusual body language 4.Something sounds fishy 5.Overly defensive 6.Changes subject easily 7.Humor or sarcasm  01 02 NO EYE CONTACT If someone is lying, they will not look you in the eye, at least during a CHANGE IN VOICE 03 certain part of the conversation. A change in the pitch of a person’s tone, or a lot of stammering (umm, ah), or throat clearing could indicate a lie. UNUSUAL BODY LANGUAGE If a person taps their foot a lot, fidgets with their hands, raises their shoulders, turns away from you or brings their hand to their face (to touch their chin or nose, etc.) – in other words, if they act nervous or uncomfortable – it could mean they’re telling a lie.  04 05 OVERLY DEFENSIVE SOMETHING SOUNDS FISHY Sometimes when a person is lying, Making statements that they will become extremely contradict each other, are inconsistent or don’t sound defensive, refusing to answer any questions and even accusing you of 07 quite right are usually part of a 06 lying. lie. HUMIR OR SARCASM A guilty person will often CHANGES SUBJECT EASILY try to change the If someone is lying and you subject using humor or change the subject, chances are sarcasm. high that they’ll go right along  THEORY OF POLYGRAPH Emotional changes A person’s fears, anxieties Fea r is the greatest occur in a person and apprehensions are focused (directed) to the p sy ch ologica l factor- causing physiological areas that hold (Poses) the fea r of bein g changes that can be greatest threat to his well- d etected a s a n recognized and being or self. u n truth. diagnosed. PSYCHOLOGICA PSYCHOLOGI PSYCHOLOGY L THEORY OF A CAL SET OF OF TEST LIE A LIE QUESTIONS CONCLUSI ON Polygraphs are not foolproof, and successful lie detection often requires a combination of scien tifi c kn owledge, critical thinking skills, and an awareness of the various factors that can in fl u ence h uman behavior, both truthful and deceptive. EN