10 Questions
What is the primary function of pollination in flowering plants?
To transfer pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ
Self-pollination always results in genetically identical offspring.
True
What is the term for the haploid plant that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)?
Gametophyte
In flowering plants, the process of embryo development from a fertilized egg cell is known as _______________________.
embryogenesis
Match the following stages of embryogenesis with their descriptions:
Zygote formation = Fusion of sperm and egg cells Proembryo formation = Series of cell divisions resulting in a multicellular structure Embryo proper formation = Differentiation of cells into root, stem, and leaf primordia
Double fertilization results in the formation of two zygotes.
False
What is the purpose of herkogamy in flowering plants?
To prevent self-pollination
What is the function of the endosperm in seed development?
A nutrient-rich tissue that supports seed development
The process of fusion between sperm and egg cells to form a _______________ is called fertilization.
zygote
Match the following reproductive strategies with their descriptions:
Herkogamy = Temporal separation of anther and stigma maturation Dichogamy = Spatial separation of anther and stigma to prevent self-pollination Heterostyly = Different style lengths or morphologies to promote cross-pollination Self-incompatibility = Genetic mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization
Study Notes
Pollination
- The process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) to the female reproductive organ (stigma) in flowering plants
- Achieved through biotic agents (bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, etc.) or abiotic agents (wind, water)
- Pollination types:
- Self-pollination: pollen from the same flower or plant
- Cross-pollination: pollen from a different flower or plant
Gametophyte Development
- Gametophyte: a haploid plant that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)
- In flowering plants, gametophytes are:
- Male gametophyte: pollen grain, consisting of two sperm cells and a vegetative cell
- Female gametophyte: embryo sac, consisting of seven cells (egg cell, two synergid cells, three antipodal cells, and one central cell)
- Development of gametophytes occurs in the anther and ovule, respectively
Embryogenesis
- The process of embryo development from a fertilized egg cell
- In flowering plants, embryogenesis occurs in the following stages:
- Zygote formation: fusion of sperm and egg cells
- Proembryo formation: series of cell divisions resulting in a multicellular structure
- Embryo proper formation: differentiation of cells into root, stem, and leaf primordia
- Seed formation: development of the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
Reproductive Strategies
- Flowering plants exhibit various reproductive strategies to ensure successful reproduction, including:
- Herkogamy: spatial separation of anther and stigma to prevent self-pollination
- Dichogamy: temporal separation of anther and stigma maturation to prevent self-pollination
- Heterostyly: different style lengths or morphologies to promote cross-pollination
- Self-incompatibility: genetic mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization
Fertilization
- The process of fusion between sperm and egg cells to form a zygote
- In flowering plants, fertilization occurs through:
- Double fertilization: one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell, while the other sperm cell fuses with the central cell of the embryo sac
- Formation of the endosperm: a nutrient-rich tissue that supports seed development
- Formation of the zygote: the fertilized egg cell that develops into the embryo
Pollination
- Pollen transfer from anther to stigma in flowering plants, allowing for fertilization
- Agents of pollination: biotic (bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, etc.) and abiotic (wind, water)
- Types of pollination: self-pollination (same flower or plant) and cross-pollination (different flower or plant)
Gametophyte Development
- Gametophyte: a haploid plant producing gametes (sperm and egg cells)
- Male gametophyte (pollen grain): 2 sperm cells and 1 vegetative cell
- Female gametophyte (embryo sac): 7 cells (egg cell, 2 synergid cells, 3 antipodal cells, and 1 central cell)
- Gametophyte development occurs in anther and ovule, respectively
Embryogenesis
- Process of embryo development from a fertilized egg cell
- Stages of embryogenesis:
- Zygote formation: sperm and egg cell fusion
- Proembryo formation: series of cell divisions
- Embryo proper formation: differentiation of cells into root, stem, and leaf primordia
- Seed formation: development of embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
Reproductive Strategies
- Flowering plants employ various strategies to ensure successful reproduction, including:
- Herkogamy: spatial separation of anther and stigma
- Dichogamy: temporal separation of anther and stigma maturation
- Heterostyly: different style lengths or morphologies
- Self-incompatibility: genetic mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization
Fertilization
- Fusion of sperm and egg cells to form a zygote
- Double fertilization: one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell, the other with the central cell of the embryo sac
- Endosperm formation: a nutrient-rich tissue supporting seed development
- Zygote formation: the fertilized egg cell that develops into the embryo
Learn about the process of pollination in flowering plants, its types and agents, as well as gametophyte development and its role in plant reproduction.
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