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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic feature of ornithophilous flowers in terms of their size?
What is the characteristic feature of ornithophilous flowers in terms of their size?
Which of the following birds is NOT a regular visitor to flowers for pollination?
Which of the following birds is NOT a regular visitor to flowers for pollination?
What is the term for pollination by moths?
What is the term for pollination by moths?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a biotic agency of pollination?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a biotic agency of pollination?
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What is the term for pollination by ants?
What is the term for pollination by ants?
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What is the primary reason why flowers are brightly colored?
What is the primary reason why flowers are brightly colored?
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What is the term for pollination carried out by bats?
What is the term for pollination carried out by bats?
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Which of the following plants is NOT an example of a cheiropterophilous plant?
Which of the following plants is NOT an example of a cheiropterophilous plant?
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What is the primary adaptation of flowers that enables them to withstand the powerful impact of visitors?
What is the primary adaptation of flowers that enables them to withstand the powerful impact of visitors?
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What is the purpose of the large stigma in Adansonia digitata?
What is the purpose of the large stigma in Adansonia digitata?
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What is the term for pollination by the agency of animals?
What is the term for pollination by the agency of animals?
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Which of the following animals is NOT a reported pollinator?
Which of the following animals is NOT a reported pollinator?
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What is the term for pollination by birds?
What is the term for pollination by birds?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Zoophilous Flowers
- Brightly colored, scentless, and produce nectar in large quantities to attract birds.
- Floral parts are tough and leathery to withstand the powerful impact of visitors.
Cheiropterophily (Pollination by Bats)
- Bats are nocturnal and attracted by the odor of flowers that open at or after dusk.
- Cheiropterophilous plants have flowers borne singly or in clusters away from leaves and branches.
- Flowers produce large quantities of nectar.
Pollination in Adansonia digitata
- The ball of stamens and the stigma project beyond the floral envelops.
- Bats hold the flower by clasping the stamen ball to its breast, and while taking nectar, its breast becomes laden with numerous pollen grains.
- Pollen floats freely at any depth due to its similarity to sea water.
- The stigma is large and long, allowing pollen to come in contact with it and coil around it, effecting pollination.
Zoophily (Pollination by Animals)
- Includes pollination by birds, bats, snails, insects, and other animals.
- Insects are well adapted to bring about pollination.
- Larger animals like primates, arboreal rodents, reptiles, and others have also been reported as pollinators.
Ornithophily (Pollination by Birds)
- Birds that regularly visit flowers and bring about pollination include humming birds, sun birds, and honey eaters.
- Ornithophilous flowers have large, tubular, cup-shaped, or urn-shaped flowers.
Types of Pollination
- Self-Pollination (Autogamy)
- Cross-Pollination (Xenogamy or Allogamy)
- Abiotic Agencies: Anemophily (Wind), Hydrophily (Water)
- Biotic Agencies: Cantharophily (Beetle), Phalaenophily (Moths), Mellitophily (Bees), Psychophily, Malacophily (Snails), Ornithophily (Birds), Chieropterophily (Bats), Myrmecophily (Ants)
Other Concepts
- Vegetative reproduction: Agamospermy
- Recurrent Apomixis: Adventive embryony, Diplospory, Apospory
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics of flowers that are pollinated by birds and bats, including their appearance, scent, and rewards. Learn about the adaptations of these flowers and the process of pollination.
