Pollination and Co-evolution Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a genetically different flower?

Bud Pollination

Cleistogamy

Cross-pollination (correct)

Homogamy

In insect-pollinated flowers, what color petals are often associated with bee-pollinated flowers?

Purple

Yellow (correct)

Red

Blue

What is the term for a perfect flower being pollinated by its own pollen?

Homogamy

Cleistogamy

Autogamy (correct)

Bud Pollination

Which external agents can assist in pollinating flowers according to the text?

Wind and water Signup and view all the answers

In heteromorphic flowers, where is the stigma located?

Inside the flower Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for flowers that remain closed causing self-pollination?

Cleistogamy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the small and sticky stigma in flowers?

To catch and attach pollen grains from the insect body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pollen grains are typically found in insect-pollinated flowers?

Large, sticky, and spiky pollen grains Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of wind-pollinated flowers?

Light and smooth pollen that can be blown in the wind Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'co-evolution' refer to in the context of flowers and insects?

The simultaneous evolution of flowers and insects in response to each other's adaptations Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is common in insect-pollinated flowers but absent in wind-pollinated flowers?

Large and feathery stigmas to catch pollen grains Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes male flowers in wind-pollinated plants from those in insect-pollinated plants?

Abundance of stamens relative to the female flowers Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the maturation of male parts before female parts in a bisexual flower?

Protandry Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves the structure of male and female sex organs creating a spatial barrier to self-pollination?

Herkogamy Signup and view all the answers

What type of flowers have different morphs depending on the length of the style and stamen?

Heterostylous flowers Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation ensures that pollination occurs only between two dissimilar types of flowers?

Heterostyly Signup and view all the answers

In which mechanism do populations have multiple floral morphologies that differ in style orientation?

Flexistyly Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the temporal separation of male and female organ maturation in a bisexual flower?

Dichogamy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Insect-Pollinated Flowers

Anthers are located inside the flower where insects brush past the stigma, allowing pollen grains to attach to the insect's body.
Stigma is usually small and sticky to enable pollen grains to attach.
Flowers often have strong scents, essential oils, and nectar guides to attract insects.
Large, sticky, and spiky pollen grains are produced in few numbers to ensure they stick to insects.
Examples of insect-pollinated flowers include Jasmine, Viola, and Clematis.

Co-evolution

Co-evolution occurs when one species evolves a new feature or modifies itself, and the other species evolves new adaptations in response.

Wind-Pollinated Flowers

Petals are small or absent, and if present, they are not brightly colored.
Stigma is exposed to catch pollen grains blown by the wind.
Long stamens and anthers are exposed to the outside to allow wind to easily blow pollen grains away.
Stigma is large and feathery to catch pollen grains.
Examples of wind-pollinated flowers include those with no scent or nectar, and light and smooth pollen.

Cross-Pollination

Various mechanisms and adaptations are seen in cross-pollinated flowers to facilitate cross-pollination over self-pollination.
Examples of mechanisms include dichogamy, herkogamy, flexistyly, heterostyly, and self-incompatibility.

Cross-Pollination Mechanisms

Dichogamy: Maturation of male and female organs at different times in a bisexual flower.
Herkogamy: Spatial barrier between male and female sex organs to prevent self-pollination.
Flexistyly: Populations with multiple floral morphologies that differ in their style orientation.
Enantiostyly: Mirror image flowers with the style bending either to the left or right side of the floral axis.
Heterostyly: Flowers of different types (morphs) depending on the length of the style and stamen, with pollination occurring only between two dissimilar types.
Self-incompatibility: Genetic mechanisms to prevent self-pollination, often with modifications similar to those found in cross-pollination.

Autogamy and Self-Pollination

Autogamy: Perfect flower is pollinated by its own pollen.
Homogamy: Maturation of anthers and stigma of a flower at the same time.
Cleistogamy: Flowers remain closed, causing self-pollination.
Bud Pollination: Perfect flowers ripen before the opening of the buds.

Examples of Cross-Pollination and Self-Pollination

Examples of cross-pollination include apples, grapes, plums, pears, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, runner beans, pumpkins, daffodils, tulips, and lavender.
Examples of self-pollination include autogamy, homogamy, cleistogamy, and bud pollination.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pollination mechanisms and the concept of co-evolution in plants. Learn about the role of anthers, stigma, pollen grains, essential oils, and nectar guides in the pollination process. Explore how plants and insects have co-evolved over time.