Politics Science: Approaches to Power

Agenda-Setting, Decision, Implementation, Evaluation, Termination

Public policies are diverse due to variations in content, objectives, contexts, actors, and methods employed. Factors such as cultural, political, and economic differences contribute to this diversity.

Policy analysis developed after the Kennedy administration due to increased confidence in state intervention, economic growth, seeking expert support, and belief in the state's rational action capabilities.

<p>Totalitarian regimes aim for full mobilization of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political parties are essential for presenting competing programs, structuring political debates, and allowing voters to identify with the political sphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political parties are lasting organizations aiming to gain political power through popular support. They are legally recognized entities distinguished by characteristics such as a lasting organization and explicit desire for political power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartel parties survive through public funding and limit electoral competition, while catch-all parties aim to attract people with diverse political viewpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipset and Rokkan identified four main social cleavages: central/periphery, state/church, rural/urban, and workers/employers. Different party families such as regionalist parties, conservative/bourgeois parties, and workers' movements emerged from these cleavages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'freezing hypothesis' suggests that party systems reflect original conflicts over time. Recent developments indicate a potential 'defrosting of cleavages', challenging the idea of party systems being entirely frozen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citizenship involves responsibilities beyond legal rights, encompassing virtues such as civic responsibility and ethical behavior, contributing to the common good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The family shapes individuals' political identity and influences their relationship with the political environment by serving as the primary agent of political socialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inequalities of politicization can be attributed to factors such as socio-economic status, educational level, and social environment, influencing an individual's political engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low Political Efficacy, Lack of Relevance, Distrust in Political Institutions, Political Apathy, Ineffective Civic Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sense of Identity, Collective Efficacy, Solidarity, Mobilization, Shared Goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressing political convictions, Participating in selection of representatives, Legitimizing government, Engaging in a ritual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indifference to politics, Intentional refusal, Perception of costs exceeding expected benefits, Voter suppression techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determines representativeness of electorate, Enhances legitimacy of democratic process, Addressing barriers, Inclusive policies, Promoting civic engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focuses on spatial distribution of electorates, Examines how contexts influence voting behavior, Emphasizes geographical patterns of voting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditionally yes, but relationship has become more complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various factors considered, Analytical models used, Predictions challenging due to complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voters act as rational actors, Seek to maximize gains and minimize costs, Make choices based on self-interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historically yes, but evolving, Gender no longer decisive marker, Society changes contribute to shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Address relative frustrations, Express dissent, Advocate for social change, Share values and identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organized collective effort for social change, Includes wide range of activities, Characterized by shared goal and identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, based on perceived costs and benefits, Can be rationalized by meaning and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relatives frustration, Economic crises, Political instability, Social inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual or group initiating collective action, Mobilizes resources, Coordinates efforts, Guides movement toward goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various forms of action used by groups, Recent evolution includes traditional and modern forms leveraging technology and media</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public policy involves resource allocation and constraints, Harold Laswell defined as 'who gets what, when, and how'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The substantialist view power as something one can possess implying the ability to have it or lose it; for the institutionalist approach, power is identified with the state and institutions, emphasizing the fact that the leaders, those occupying the official roles, are the power; whereas relational/interactionist power is seen as a relation between individuals or groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obedience is obtained through simple habits, emotional reasons, material reasons, and idealism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political power can rest on force, but relying exclusively on force makes it precarious and fragile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Force has limits as a tool of power because power must be recognized and legitimate for stability. Force is only effective within a legal framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power is the ability to influence or control others, while authority is a legitimate and stabilized form of power that presupposes a recognized right to exercise power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 3 ideal types of legitimate authority according to Weber are Traditional domination, Legal-Rational domination, and Charismatic domination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>War has historically played a crucial role in the construction of the State by necessitating the establishment of bureaucracies and legitimizing taxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The power of the state rests on monopolies of the production of laws, fiscal, economic, judicial, collective representation, and legitimate physical violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bureaucracy plays a crucial role in the development of the state by coordinating and administering activities, contributing to stability and functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of civilization, according to Robert Elias, refers to the development of self-restraint and the pacification of society, leading to a controlled exercise of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The feudal political system is characterized by weak institutionalization of power, fragmentation of power, low stability of political units, and lack of sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of the nation-state was favored by economic factors, religious and cultural factors, and political and military factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The erosion of the power of the contemporary state is contributed to by deterritorialization of power, decentralization of power, and processes of &quot;hollowing out&quot; of the state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critics have addressed criticisms regarding normativity and subjectivity, diversity of political regimes, Marxist perspective, and sociology of institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The functions of the single party in a totalitarian regime include supervision of the population, education of the masses, worship of the leader, training of the &quot;New Man/Woman,&quot; and selection of elites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terror as the 'essence' of totalitarianism implies that control and repression define such regimes. J. Linz disagrees with this notion, arguing against terror as the essential criterion for defining totalitarianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We can recognize an authoritarian regime based on characteristics such as restrictions on political freedoms, centralized power, limited democratic processes, suppression of opposition, and control over media.</p> Signup and view all the answers