Political Science Policy Evaluation Concepts

The '3Es' refer to the effects on the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness.

Bureaucrats focus on internal organizational efficiency, while politicians focus on external public opinion.

Weber's ideal type bureaucracy is characterized by hierarchy, functionalism, neutrality, legalism, and permanent appointments.

<p>New Public Management emphasizes decentralization, customer orientation, and performance over strict adherence to rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges include lack of accountability, potential for corruption, and maladministration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass parties are characterized by large membership, a centralized bureaucratic structure, and a hierarchical organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>War and capitalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural focuses on the functioning and organization of democracy, while substantive emphasizes the goals and effectiveness of democratic governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartel parties collaborate with each other for access to state resources and move away from direct connections with society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyarchy highlights the importance of elected officials, free and fair elections, and inclusive voting rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Client satisfaction refers to assessing how well bureaucratic processes meet the needs and expectations of the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct democracy involves citizens directly making decisions, while representative democracy has elected officials making those decisions on behalf of the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular, fair, competitive elections, protected opposition, distribution of powers, and individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democratic malaise refers to the decline in election turnout and trust among citizens, exacerbated by cynicism and a decrease in voluntary organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political culture encompasses values and assumptions about government and politics, formed through political socialization, including national pride and service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social and political trust refers to the confidence citizens have in their government and fellow citizens, which is vital for cooperation and effective governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A participant political culture is marked by high awareness, knowledge, and involvement in political processes, reflecting active citizen engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcing cleavages stack societal divisions on top of each other, potentially increasing divisions, while cross-cutting cleavages reduce division impacts by introducing diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cinderella elements refer to policymakers intentionally leaving their objectives vague to avoid controversy surrounding specific policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four types of policies include regulative (economic, environmental), distributive (education, roads), redistributive (taxes), and constitutive (constitutional).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive mobilization refers to the increased awareness and engagement of citizens in political issues, leading to new forms of participation such as social movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct and indirect strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Income membership size, density, internal divisions, and leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insider groups have direct access to policymakers, while outsider groups rely on public opinion and campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause groups focus on specific issues, while occupational interest groups, like labor unions, represent professional interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Fire brigade groups' are active only when specific issues arise and tend to dissolve afterward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If too powerful, pressure groups can control policy outcomes directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social movements are broader in issues and have a loose organization compared to the formal structure of pressure groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public opinion can legitimize or delegitimize interest groups, affecting their influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A key advantage of a one-party system is its relative stability and accountability, although it may result in more policy 'swings'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political parties articulate interests, mobilize voters, and facilitate competition, which can lead to healthy political discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Iron Law of Oligarchy' states that all forms of organization inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, where leaders prioritize their own interests over those of the members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two preconditions for democratic elections are free and fair elections and universal adult suffrage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One factor that can lead to lower voter turnout is the perception that one's vote does not make a difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main goal of the plurality majority voting system is to identify a clear winner based on a majority of votes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block voting combines simple plurality counting with multi-member districts, allowing voters to select multiple candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Cosmetic democracy' refers to a situation where people participate in voting but feel they lack real power, often leading them to choose extreme parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A parliamentary system can create stable and effective democracies due to the fusion of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a federal state, both the central and sub-state governments share constitutional power and sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four layers are international/supranational, national/central/federal, meso-level/regional/substate/provincial, and local/municipal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confederations often lack an effective central body, making them potentially powerless and unsustainable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Devolution refers to the central government granting decision-making power to lower levels while maintaining its superiority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The paradox is whether self-rule accommodates or exacerbates ethnic and social divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A unitary state concentrates the constitutional power in a central government, unlike a federal state where power is shared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National majorities can repress national minorities due to centralized authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers