Political Ideologies Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key feature of devolved governments?

  • Tax rising and legislative powers (correct)
  • Control by central government only
  • Exclusively local governance
  • Limited administrative powers

What does classical liberalism emphasize?

  • Community and common ownership
  • Government control over economy
  • Dictatorship and centralization
  • Rights and obligations of the individual (correct)

Local governments operate independently from central government.

False (B)

Name one type of organization that falls under civil society.

<p>NGO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern conservatism and neoconservatism share identical ideologies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major classes recognized by socialists?

<p>Capitalist class and workers class</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decentralisation results in __________, responsiveness and legitimacy.

<p>participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common concern regarding NGOs?

<p>Fundraising limitations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to the growth of identity politics?

<p>International migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In socialism, common ownership is closely connected to ______.

<p>equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following media types with their characteristics:

<p>TV = Broadcast medium Newspapers = Print medium Radio = Audio medium Internet = Digital platform</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnic identity is always synonymous with racial identity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Revolutionary Socialism = Advocates for immediate and radical change Reformist Socialism = Seeks gradual reforms within existing systems Marxism = Theoretical framework for analyzing class struggles Leninism = Focuses on a vanguard party leading the revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT a key idea of socialism?

<p>Individualism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why religious identity has gained prominence since the end of the Cold War.

<p>Increased global migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass media includes only print forms of information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the production of knowledge, information, and entertainment?

<p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stalin promoted collectivization as a means to strengthen the Soviet economy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The government in the UK believes that 'Faith Schools' are more likely to achieve better __________.

<p>exam results</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Bolshevik party play in the Soviet Union?

<p>Spoke for the proletariats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Identity Politics = Politics based on identities such as gender and ethnicity Multiculturalism = Acceptance of diverse groups in society Religious Fundamentalism = Strong belief in the absolute truth of one religion over others Pluralist Multiculturalism = Belief that diversity enhances society</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes pluralist multiculturalism?

<p>Belief that diversity is beneficial for society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The melting pot concept leads to the co-existence of distinct cultures and ideas in society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnic identity can be described as a feeling of loyalty to a distinct __________.

<p>group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the animals believe about their conditions?

<p>They were improving their conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communism aims to promote a classless society with shared ownership of property.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one bad point of communism mentioned in the content?

<p>Widespread poverty due to lack of personal incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kamala Harris's economic proposals are generally considered __________.

<p>democratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the person to their associated action:

<p>Donald Trump = Called Hillary Clinton 'Crooked Hillary' Joe Sims = Refuted claims of Harris being Marxist Kamala Harris = Proposed democratic economic policies Hillary Clinton = Involved in past controversies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major issue with implementing communism on a large scale?

<p>Resulting in authoritarian control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The original goals of prosperity and fairness were fully achieved in the animal's society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Donald Trump use the term 'Marxist' in relation to Kamala Harris?

<p>As an example of red-baiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does globalisation primarily revolve around?

<p>Connections, technology, communication, trade, and movement of people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Populism endorses inclusive approaches to political identity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the formation of cultural identity?

<p>Education system, media discourse, values, languages, religions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globalisation may result in a rise in ________ due to imported fundamentalism.

<p>terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Globalisation = Connections and trade across borders Populism = Exclusivist nationalism and anti-elite sentiment Neoliberalism = Free trade and private enterprise Cultural Identity = Shaped by education, media, and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common element of Liberalism?

<p>Freedom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ideas of Liberalism were primarily influenced by the breakdown of Feudalism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that individuals need to be protected by the government?

<p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

The US Declaration of Independence states that all men are created ______.

<p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosopher with their respective idea:

<p>John Locke = Rights against leaders John Stuart Mill = Distrust of state Thomas Jefferson = Moral equality Alexis de Tocqueville = Democracy and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept in Liberalism refers to the idea that societies can change and improve?

<p>Progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liberalism promotes a government that is not limited by a constitution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key events that contributed to the rise of Liberalism?

<p>French Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ideology

A system of thought that provides a coherent set of ideas about how a political order should work.

Liberalism

A dominant ideology in the West, emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and equality under the law.

Moral Equality

A core principle of liberalism, emphasizing inherent equal worth and dignity of all individuals.

Progress

The belief that societies can improve through progress, education, and development.

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Constitution and Law

A system of checks and balances to limit power and prevent tyranny.

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John Locke

An influential Enlightenment philosopher who argued for individual rights and protection from government overreach.

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John Stuart Mill

A key Enlightenment figure who emphasized individual liberty and limited government interference, championing a doctrine of harm that restricts state power.

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US Declaration of Independence

A foundational document of liberalism, declaring the fundamental rights to life, liberty, and happiness.

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Classical Liberalism

This ideology emphasizes individual rights and freedoms, advocating for a limited government role in protecting these rights, while promoting individual responsibility and trust in the state.

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Modern Liberalism

A modern adaptation of liberalism that emphasizes social justice, equality, and government intervention to address social issues. It expands on classic liberal ideas to include issues like civil rights, economic inequality, and environmental protection.

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Neo-Liberalism

A contemporary interpretation of liberalism that focuses on economic liberalization, free markets, and reduced government intervention, particularly in international trade. It emphasizes globalization, privatization, and deregulation to promote economic growth.

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Conservatism

A political philosophy that values tradition, limited government, and individual responsibility. It often emphasizes preserving existing social structures and institutions, promoting strong national defense, and prioritizing individual and family freedoms.

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Modern Conservatism

A modern version of conservatism that emphasizes individual liberty, free markets, limited government, and a strong national defense. It holds a strong belief in individual freedom, limited government intervention in the economy, and a strong military presence around the world.

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Neoconservatism (Neo-Cons)

A more hawkish version of conservatism that advocates for strong military intervention, aggressive foreign policy, and a greater emphasis on national security. It promotes a strong stance on international relations, especially against perceived threats.

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Socialism

An ideology that emphasizes community, equality, and common ownership of resources. It aims to ensure a more equal distribution of wealth and resources, challenging traditional capitalist systems and focusing on collective social well-being.

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Revolutionary Socialism

A form of socialism focused on revolutionary change, aiming to overthrow existing capitalist systems through class struggle. It advocates for a proletariat revolution to establish a communist utopia.

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Multiculturalism

The idea that people should be allowed to have different identities and beliefs, and that these differences should be respected by society.

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Religious Fundamentalism

A strong religious identity that believes its own beliefs are absolutely true and superior to others.

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Ethnic Identity

A sense of belonging to a group based on shared ancestry, traditions, and history, often linked to a specific territory.

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Religious Identity

A feeling of belonging to a particular religion, including its traditions, values, and history.

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Pluralist Multiculturalism

The belief that a society is better with diversity and that different identities can peacefully co-exist and cooperate.

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Liberal Multiculturalism

The acceptance and tolerance of different identity groups within a society.

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Cosmopolitanism

The idea that all people are part of a global society and should be treated with equal respect.

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Communism

An economic and political system that promotes shared ownership of resources, aiming to eliminate class distinctions and ensure social equity through the collective control of production.

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Capitalism

A system that emphasizes individual rights, limited government intervention, and a market-driven economy.

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Marxist ideology

The belief that economic life is fundamental to all aspects of society, influencing social relationships, culture, and power dynamics.

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Authoritarianism

A political system that aims to concentrate power in the hands of a single party or individual, often suppressing dissent and individual rights.

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Red-baiting

The practice of accusing someone of being a communist or socialist with the intention of discrediting them or their ideas.

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Fear-mongering

A type of propaganda that uses fear-mongering and often unsubstantiated claims to spread misinformation.

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Democracy

A political system where the government represents the will of the people through democratic processes, such as elections.

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Propaganda

A false or misleading claim that is repeated often to make it seem credible, regardless of its accuracy.

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Populism

A political strategy that appeals to the common people by contrasting

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Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of people and nations through trade, communication, and cultural exchange.

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National Identity

A sense of belonging and shared identity based on a common culture, language, history, and territory.

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Inequality

The growing gap between the rich and poor, often linked to economic globalization and neoliberal policies.

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Devolution

A system where power is given to local or regional governments, allowing them to make decisions about their own areas.

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Decentralization

The process of giving control over an activity or organization to local offices, moving power away from the center.

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Centralization

The process of concentrating power and decision-making in a central place.

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Civil Society

Groups, organizations, and associations that operate independently from government and businesses, focusing on social or environmental issues.

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Mass Media

The collection of media outlets, including TV, newspapers, radio, and the internet, that distribute information and entertainment to a large audience.

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Media as a Political Actor

The ability of media to shape public opinion, influence political decisions, and impact social norms.

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Atomization

The independent and self-sufficient nature of individuals or groups in society, often associated with the rise of new media.

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Influence of New Media on Society

The impact of media on social and political issues, particularly in the context of increased atomization and the rise of new media.

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Study Notes

Ideology

  • Ideology is viewed as an objective aspect of everyday politics, held by everyone.
  • Policies reflect ideology.

Historical Development of Ideology

  • Science of ideas (Destutt de Tracy, 1796)
  • Derogatory term (closed system of ideas) in modern political science
  • System of thought
  • Coherent ideas about the political order or possible alternatives.
  • Model of an ideal political society
  • Concepts to change the existing political system.

Liberalism

  • Dominant political ideology in Western countries.
  • Key elements include: freedom, liberty, reason, equality, individualism, and constitutional limitations on government.
  • Equality is the idea of equal moral worth for all individuals.
  • Freedom rests on obligations and protection by legal systems.
  • Reason is derived from Enlightenment ideas, stressing rationality and critical analysis.
  • Progress is achievable by improvements in the lower levels of society, through education and growth.
  • System of checks and balances (like in the US system) to limit power.

Breakdown in Feudalism and the Enlightenment

  • Breakdown of the feudal system (hierarchical religious order).
  • The Enlightenment emphasis on human rights, scientific method, and protection of individuals.
  • John Locke emphasized individual rights against government.
  • John Stuart Mill advocated against government intervention, emphasizing the harm principle.

US Declaration of Independence

  • Liberal constitution that contrasts with old ideas of religion.
  • Emphasizes that all men are created equal and endowed with inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

French Revolution

  • Revolt against Louis XVI emphasizing individual rights, protection, liberty, and trust in the state

Classical Liberalism

  • Strong emphasis on individualism and free markets
  • Favors limited government intervention, often referred to as 'nightwatchman state'.

Modern Liberalism

  • Response to industrialization and social issues, advocating for state intervention to address societal ills.
  • Increased emphasis on social welfare programs and regulation of capitalism.

Neoliberalism

  • Based on free market principles, but emphasizing roles of private actors.
  • Often opposing government intervention and supporting entrepreneurship.

Conservatism

  • Founded on authority and tradition, emphasizing societal order and established institutions.
  • Reflects a skepticism regarding human nature, usually a pessimistic view of the world.
  • Typically concerned with protecting traditional values and social hierarchies.

Modern Conservatism

  • Acknowledges societal inequalities, with a focus on the notion that higher classes should support the less fortunate.
  • Advocating for philanthropy and assisting those in need.
  • The idea of 'One Nation', promoting reform from above instead of revolution.

Neo-conservatism

  • Tries to reassert old conservative principles (family, religion & nation).
  • Nationalistic perspective, with an emphasis on sharing cultural values and anti-multiculturalism.

Socialism

  • Central tenets focus on community, equality, class and common ownership.
  • Advocates for economic equality and the redistribution of wealth.
  • Critiques capitalist systems for inequality and exploitation.
  • Historically developed as a response to industrialisation's effects, often advocating for revolution or social changes.
  • Acknowledges different classes and their oppositional nature.

Revolutionary Socialism

  • Karl Marx (1818-1883): critical analysis of industrialization's effects.
  • Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): adapted Marxist ideas to the Russian revolution.

Reformist Socialism

  • Robert Owen, Charles Fourier and William Morris led co-operative movements encouraging socialism.
  • Goal of achieving equality through progressive reforms.

Revisionist Marxism

  • Eduard Bernstein advocated for social democracy, combining liberal ideas with socialism.

Marxism

  • Historical Materialism: Economic structures are the base of society.
  • Class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers).
  • Capitalism leads to overproduction, class consciousness and alienation of workers.
  • Proletarian revolution to overthrow the capitalist system.

Leninism/Stalinist Marxism

  • Communist Party to lead the working class.
  • Centralized state control of the economy.

Fascism

  • National identity paramount, with the state having supreme authority.
  • Rejection of liberalism, communism, and other forms of political opposition.
  • Leaders are often dictators.

Feminism

  • Advocacy for equality between men and women.
  • Focus on voting rights, power structures, and social issues.

Environmentalism/Ecologism

  • Concern about the environment and living systems.
  • Criticism of human-centric traditions in addressing environmental problems.

Anarchism

  • Ideology focused on a society without a central government.
  • Rejection of state control and centralized authority.
  • Emphasis on individual autonomy and voluntary cooperation.

Social Democracy

  • Blend of competition and planning, state-led development and private enterprise.
  • Growth of welfare state to redistribute wealth, especially to the vulnerable (after World War II).
  • More focused on social equity, equality rather than economic equality.

Populism

  • Advocating for 'the people' against 'the elites'.
  • Emphasizing the importance of national identity and sovereignty.
  • Often characterized by a charismatic leader.

Globalisation

  • Increasing interconnectedness of societies through technology, communication and commerce.
  • Shapes economic, political, and cultural interactions.
  • Influences how states interact with each other.

Media

  • Filter of information and entertainment, sometimes biased or manipulated for political ends.
  • Influence on political discourse and social issues.

Government and Bureaucracy

  • Executive, legislative, judicial, and bureaucratic branches; responsibilities & roles.
  • Various models of government and systems (e.g., parliamentary, presidential).
  • Bureaucracy as an important institution in managing state affairs.

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Introduction to Comparative Politics - PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concepts and historical development of political ideologies, focusing particularly on liberalism. It uncovers the core principles that define liberal thought and how they influence political policies and societal structures. Test your understanding of the key elements that underpin the ideology of liberalism and its impact on Western politics.

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