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What is a key feature of devolved governments?
What is a key feature of devolved governments?
What does classical liberalism emphasize?
What does classical liberalism emphasize?
Local governments operate independently from central government.
Local governments operate independently from central government.
False
Name one type of organization that falls under civil society.
Name one type of organization that falls under civil society.
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Modern conservatism and neoconservatism share identical ideologies.
Modern conservatism and neoconservatism share identical ideologies.
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What are the two major classes recognized by socialists?
What are the two major classes recognized by socialists?
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Decentralisation results in __________, responsiveness and legitimacy.
Decentralisation results in __________, responsiveness and legitimacy.
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Which of the following is NOT a common concern regarding NGOs?
Which of the following is NOT a common concern regarding NGOs?
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What is a significant factor contributing to the growth of identity politics?
What is a significant factor contributing to the growth of identity politics?
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In socialism, common ownership is closely connected to ______.
In socialism, common ownership is closely connected to ______.
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Match the following media types with their characteristics:
Match the following media types with their characteristics:
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Ethnic identity is always synonymous with racial identity.
Ethnic identity is always synonymous with racial identity.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following concepts is NOT a key idea of socialism?
Which of the following concepts is NOT a key idea of socialism?
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Name one reason why religious identity has gained prominence since the end of the Cold War.
Name one reason why religious identity has gained prominence since the end of the Cold War.
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Mass media includes only print forms of information.
Mass media includes only print forms of information.
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What term refers to the production of knowledge, information, and entertainment?
What term refers to the production of knowledge, information, and entertainment?
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Stalin promoted collectivization as a means to strengthen the Soviet economy.
Stalin promoted collectivization as a means to strengthen the Soviet economy.
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The government in the UK believes that 'Faith Schools' are more likely to achieve better __________.
The government in the UK believes that 'Faith Schools' are more likely to achieve better __________.
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What role did the Bolshevik party play in the Soviet Union?
What role did the Bolshevik party play in the Soviet Union?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following best describes pluralist multiculturalism?
Which of the following best describes pluralist multiculturalism?
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The melting pot concept leads to the co-existence of distinct cultures and ideas in society.
The melting pot concept leads to the co-existence of distinct cultures and ideas in society.
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Ethnic identity can be described as a feeling of loyalty to a distinct __________.
Ethnic identity can be described as a feeling of loyalty to a distinct __________.
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What did the animals believe about their conditions?
What did the animals believe about their conditions?
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Communism aims to promote a classless society with shared ownership of property.
Communism aims to promote a classless society with shared ownership of property.
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What is one bad point of communism mentioned in the content?
What is one bad point of communism mentioned in the content?
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Kamala Harris's economic proposals are generally considered __________.
Kamala Harris's economic proposals are generally considered __________.
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Match the person to their associated action:
Match the person to their associated action:
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What is a major issue with implementing communism on a large scale?
What is a major issue with implementing communism on a large scale?
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The original goals of prosperity and fairness were fully achieved in the animal's society.
The original goals of prosperity and fairness were fully achieved in the animal's society.
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How did Donald Trump use the term 'Marxist' in relation to Kamala Harris?
How did Donald Trump use the term 'Marxist' in relation to Kamala Harris?
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What does globalisation primarily revolve around?
What does globalisation primarily revolve around?
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Populism endorses inclusive approaches to political identity.
Populism endorses inclusive approaches to political identity.
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What factors contribute to the formation of cultural identity?
What factors contribute to the formation of cultural identity?
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Globalisation may result in a rise in ________ due to imported fundamentalism.
Globalisation may result in a rise in ________ due to imported fundamentalism.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a common element of Liberalism?
Which of the following is a common element of Liberalism?
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The ideas of Liberalism were primarily influenced by the breakdown of Feudalism.
The ideas of Liberalism were primarily influenced by the breakdown of Feudalism.
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Who argued that individuals need to be protected by the government?
Who argued that individuals need to be protected by the government?
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The US Declaration of Independence states that all men are created ______.
The US Declaration of Independence states that all men are created ______.
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Match the philosopher with their respective idea:
Match the philosopher with their respective idea:
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What concept in Liberalism refers to the idea that societies can change and improve?
What concept in Liberalism refers to the idea that societies can change and improve?
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Liberalism promotes a government that is not limited by a constitution.
Liberalism promotes a government that is not limited by a constitution.
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What was one of the key events that contributed to the rise of Liberalism?
What was one of the key events that contributed to the rise of Liberalism?
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Study Notes
Ideology
- Ideology is viewed as an objective aspect of everyday politics, held by everyone.
- Policies reflect ideology.
Historical Development of Ideology
- Science of ideas (Destutt de Tracy, 1796)
- Derogatory term (closed system of ideas) in modern political science
- System of thought
- Coherent ideas about the political order or possible alternatives.
- Model of an ideal political society
- Concepts to change the existing political system.
Liberalism
- Dominant political ideology in Western countries.
- Key elements include: freedom, liberty, reason, equality, individualism, and constitutional limitations on government.
- Equality is the idea of equal moral worth for all individuals.
- Freedom rests on obligations and protection by legal systems.
- Reason is derived from Enlightenment ideas, stressing rationality and critical analysis.
- Progress is achievable by improvements in the lower levels of society, through education and growth.
- System of checks and balances (like in the US system) to limit power.
Breakdown in Feudalism and the Enlightenment
- Breakdown of the feudal system (hierarchical religious order).
- The Enlightenment emphasis on human rights, scientific method, and protection of individuals.
- John Locke emphasized individual rights against government.
- John Stuart Mill advocated against government intervention, emphasizing the harm principle.
US Declaration of Independence
- Liberal constitution that contrasts with old ideas of religion.
- Emphasizes that all men are created equal and endowed with inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
French Revolution
- Revolt against Louis XVI emphasizing individual rights, protection, liberty, and trust in the state
Classical Liberalism
- Strong emphasis on individualism and free markets
- Favors limited government intervention, often referred to as 'nightwatchman state'.
Modern Liberalism
- Response to industrialization and social issues, advocating for state intervention to address societal ills.
- Increased emphasis on social welfare programs and regulation of capitalism.
Neoliberalism
- Based on free market principles, but emphasizing roles of private actors.
- Often opposing government intervention and supporting entrepreneurship.
Conservatism
- Founded on authority and tradition, emphasizing societal order and established institutions.
- Reflects a skepticism regarding human nature, usually a pessimistic view of the world.
- Typically concerned with protecting traditional values and social hierarchies.
Modern Conservatism
- Acknowledges societal inequalities, with a focus on the notion that higher classes should support the less fortunate.
- Advocating for philanthropy and assisting those in need.
- The idea of 'One Nation', promoting reform from above instead of revolution.
Neo-conservatism
- Tries to reassert old conservative principles (family, religion & nation).
- Nationalistic perspective, with an emphasis on sharing cultural values and anti-multiculturalism.
Socialism
- Central tenets focus on community, equality, class and common ownership.
- Advocates for economic equality and the redistribution of wealth.
- Critiques capitalist systems for inequality and exploitation.
- Historically developed as a response to industrialisation's effects, often advocating for revolution or social changes.
- Acknowledges different classes and their oppositional nature.
Revolutionary Socialism
- Karl Marx (1818-1883): critical analysis of industrialization's effects.
- Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): adapted Marxist ideas to the Russian revolution.
Reformist Socialism
- Robert Owen, Charles Fourier and William Morris led co-operative movements encouraging socialism.
- Goal of achieving equality through progressive reforms.
Revisionist Marxism
- Eduard Bernstein advocated for social democracy, combining liberal ideas with socialism.
Marxism
- Historical Materialism: Economic structures are the base of society.
- Class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers).
- Capitalism leads to overproduction, class consciousness and alienation of workers.
- Proletarian revolution to overthrow the capitalist system.
Leninism/Stalinist Marxism
- Communist Party to lead the working class.
- Centralized state control of the economy.
Fascism
- National identity paramount, with the state having supreme authority.
- Rejection of liberalism, communism, and other forms of political opposition.
- Leaders are often dictators.
Feminism
- Advocacy for equality between men and women.
- Focus on voting rights, power structures, and social issues.
Environmentalism/Ecologism
- Concern about the environment and living systems.
- Criticism of human-centric traditions in addressing environmental problems.
Anarchism
- Ideology focused on a society without a central government.
- Rejection of state control and centralized authority.
- Emphasis on individual autonomy and voluntary cooperation.
Social Democracy
- Blend of competition and planning, state-led development and private enterprise.
- Growth of welfare state to redistribute wealth, especially to the vulnerable (after World War II).
- More focused on social equity, equality rather than economic equality.
Populism
- Advocating for 'the people' against 'the elites'.
- Emphasizing the importance of national identity and sovereignty.
- Often characterized by a charismatic leader.
Globalisation
- Increasing interconnectedness of societies through technology, communication and commerce.
- Shapes economic, political, and cultural interactions.
- Influences how states interact with each other.
Media
- Filter of information and entertainment, sometimes biased or manipulated for political ends.
- Influence on political discourse and social issues.
Government and Bureaucracy
- Executive, legislative, judicial, and bureaucratic branches; responsibilities & roles.
- Various models of government and systems (e.g., parliamentary, presidential).
- Bureaucracy as an important institution in managing state affairs.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts and historical development of political ideologies, focusing particularly on liberalism. It uncovers the core principles that define liberal thought and how they influence political policies and societal structures. Test your understanding of the key elements that underpin the ideology of liberalism and its impact on Western politics.
