Political Corruption and Economic Theories
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Questions and Answers

What does Dependency Theory primarily argue regarding underdevelopment?

  • Underdevelopment is caused by the exploitation of peripheral nations by core nations. (correct)
  • Underdevelopment results from an equal exchange between nations.
  • Underdevelopment is a result of internal cultural factors.
  • Underdevelopment is a natural progression of society.

Which of the following describes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

  • Investment focused solely on purchasing raw materials from other countries.
  • Investment that does not seek to influence foreign businesses.
  • Investment made by one country for short-term gain only.
  • Investment that may involve acquiring businesses or assets in another country. (correct)

How does Modernization Theory view underdevelopment?

  • As primarily caused by external economic forces.
  • As an inevitable result of modern technologies.
  • As a necessary stage in the development process. (correct)
  • As an outcome of resource scarcity.

What is a significant consequence of landlocked countries being surrounded by economically unfavorable neighbors?

<p>Difficulty in achieving economic growth and development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes Multinational Corporations (MNCs)?

<p>Large companies that have operations in multiple countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement is NOT used to assess educational global inequality?

<p>Economic Growth Rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the core nations as described in Dependency Theory?

<p>They exploit resources from peripheral nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spillover effect' refer to in economic development?

<p>The beneficial impact experienced by neighboring regions due to development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dependency theory suggests that underdevelopment in poorer nations results from an unequal global economic system that benefits wealthy countries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) only operate within their home country.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is primarily focused on short-term investments with no lasting interest.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Underdevelopment is considered a natural stage of development according to Dependency Theory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Educational global inequality includes disparities in access to and quality of education across different regions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Core nations produce low-value goods and rely on periphery nations for high-value products.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The wealth of rich nations is often built on the exploitation of resources from poorer nations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Landlocked countries are not affected by the economic status of their neighboring countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of periphery nations according to Dependency Theory?

<p>They export low-value, primary goods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

<p>It focuses on increasing control over foreign businesses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Modernization Theory conceptualize underdevelopment?

<p>As a temporary stage towards economic maturity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor magnifies the difficulties faced by landlocked countries?

<p>Economic relations with conflict-ridden neighbors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spillover effect' pertain to in economic contexts?

<p>The benefits of economic growth spilling over from one region to another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does educational global inequality primarily address?

<p>The differences in education access and outcomes across various regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for countries that rely heavily on primary goods exports?

<p>They often face economic vulnerability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Multinational Corporations (MNCs) is incorrect?

<p>MNCs often focus solely on low-wage labor regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Modernization Theory

A theory suggesting that underdevelopment is a stage in the process of modernization, requiring internal social and economic changes like industrialization and education.

Dependency Theory

A theory arguing that underdevelopment in poorer nations results from an unequal global economic system that benefits wealthier nations.

Core-Periphery Countries

A model describing the global economic system where core nations produce high-value goods and exploit periphery nations for raw materials and labor.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment by a company or individual in another country to gain lasting influence over a foreign business.

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Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Large companies operating in multiple countries.

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Educational Global Inequality

Significant disparities in education access, quality, and outcomes across different countries and regions.

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Literacy Rate

The percentage of a population that can read and write.

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Landlocked Countries

Countries without direct access to a seacoast.

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Civic Engagement Problem

A situation where individuals in a society choose not to participate in collective actions or social issues due to a lack of motivation, trust, or resources, creating a barrier to progress and change.

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Spillover Effect

The positive economic benefits that arise from a country's involvement in global trade and investment, often affecting neighboring countries due to increased economic activity and opportunities.

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What makes a bad neighbor?

A country that is politically unstable, economically struggling, or engaged in conflicts, potentially hindering the development of its landlocked neighbors.

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Unequal Exchanges

The imbalance of trade where periphery countries export low-value raw materials and import high-value finished products, benefiting core countries at the expense of developing nations.

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Development of Underdevelopment

The idea that the wealth and industrialization of rich nations are achieved through the exploitation and impoverishment of poorer nations, causing a cycle of underdevelopment.

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Enrollment Rate

The percentage of individuals within a certain age group enrolled in primary, secondary, or tertiary education, indicating the access to education.

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What is the 'Development of Underdevelopment'?

This concept describes how wealthy nations develop by exploiting poorer countries, leading to a continued cycle of poverty and lack of development in those nations.

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What is the difference between Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory?

Modernization Theory suggests that countries develop through internal changes like industrialization, while Dependency Theory says that underdevelopment is caused by unequal global systems that benefit wealthy nations at the expense of poorer ones.

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What is a core country?

A core country is highly industrialized, producing high-value goods and technologies. They often exploit periphery countries for resources and cheap labor.

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What is a periphery country?

A periphery country often lacks industrialization and relies on exporting raw materials and agricultural products to core countries. They face economic exploitation.

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What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

When a company from one country invests in a business in another country with the aim of having lasting control and influence over the foreign business.

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What is a Multinational Corporation (MNC)?

A large company that operates businesses in multiple countries, often having a significant impact on global economies.

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What is the 'Spillover Effect'?

Positive economic benefits that spread from one country to its neighbors due to trade and investment, creating economic growth and opportunities.

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What are the challenges for landlocked countries?

Landlocked countries face challenges like limited access to ports, potential dependence on neighboring countries, and vulnerability to conflict.

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Study Notes

Sophisticated Corruption Networks

  • Complex networks of corruption hinder development.

Inadequate Whistleblower Protections

  • Weak protections for whistleblowers impede transparency and accountability.

Low Civic Engagement: Collective Action Problem

  • Lack of civic engagement creates obstacles to collective action and progress.

Modernization Theory vs. Dependency Theory

  • Modernization Theory: Argues underdevelopment is a stage in the modernization process, focusing on internal social, cultural, and economic transformations like industrialization, urbanization, and education.
  • Dependency Theory: Claims underdevelopment in poorer nations stems from unequal global economic systems favoring wealthier nations.

Dependency Theory Details

  • Core and Periphery Nations: The core nations (wealthy) produce high-value goods, while periphery nations (poorer) export low-value raw materials and are exploited for cheap labor.
  • Unequal Exchanges: This relationship involves unequal trade, where the core imports low-value goods and exports high-value products, benefiting the core at the expense of the periphery.
  • "Development of Underdevelopment": The wealth of core nations is built on the exploitation and impoverishment of periphery nations; underdevelopment is a result, not an inherent stage.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

  • FDI is when a company/individual from one country invests in a business in another, seeking lasting interest and influence.
  • It involves long-term investments and typically involves acquiring/establishing assets.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

  • MNCs are large companies operating in multiple countries.
  • They have significant global operations.
  • Potential economic spillover effects.

Landlocked Countries and Neighbors

  • Landlocked countries often rely on their neighbors for coastal access and economic linkages.
  • Neighboring countries, particularly those facing conflicts or economic stagnation, impact landlocked nation's development.

Educational Global Inequality

  • Significant differences in educational access, quality, and outcomes around the world.
  • Measured by Literacy Rate, Enrollment Rates, and Average Years of Schooling.

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Description

Explore the complexities of corruption networks, the inadequacies of whistleblower protections, and the challenges of civic engagement. Additionally, delve into Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory to understand their implications on development and economic disparities.

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