Political Concepts and Historical Figures

A form of government where a sole ruler, often a king or queen, holds absolute power, passing laws without any legislative body's approval, and is not bound by any constitution or legal limitations.

Agreements between two or more nations, often for mutual defense or cooperation, that can involve joint military action or diplomatic support.

A perspective or viewpoint that favors one side over another, often influenced by personal beliefs, experiences, or interests, potentially leading to a lack of objectivity.

A contagious bacterial infection infecting the small intestine, primarily spread through contaminated water, causing severe diarrhea, dehydration, and potential death.

A territory controlled by a foreign power, often established for economic or political reasons, with the colonizer exploiting resources and imposing its own system of governance.

A monarchy where the monarch, often a king or queen, shares power with a parliament or other legislative body, with their authority limited by a constitution.

A source of information considered reliable and trustworthy, characterized by accuracy, objectivity, and evidence-based support.

A document declared in 1789 by the French National Assembly outlining fundamental human rights, advocating for liberty, equality, and fraternity, influencing the course of French Revolution.

A system of government where supreme power is vested in the people, exercised either directly or indirectly through a system of representation, emphasizing citizen participation and majority rule.

The belief that a monarch's right to rule derives directly from God, often used to justify absolute authority and limit challenges to royal power.

Social classes in pre-revolutionary France, comprised of the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners), reflecting unequal privileges and burdens.

The ancient theory that the Earth stands still at the center of the universe with the Sun, Moon, and stars revolving around it, challenged by later scientific discoveries.

The theory that the Sun is the center of the solar system with Earth and other planets revolving around it, a major breakthrough in astronomy challenging the geocentric view.

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, territorial expansion, and economic domination, often accompanied by exploitation of resources and subjugation of local populations.

Organizations formed by workers to protect their interests, negotiate with employers, and advocate for better working conditions, wages, and benefits.

The buildup of armed forces and weaponry in a nation, often driven by a desire for power, prestige, or preparedness for conflict, potentially leading to an arms race and increased tensions.

The feeling of strong loyalty and devotion to one's nation, often accompanied by a desire for self-determination and independence, which can be a unifying force but also lead to conflict.

Inherent rights possessed by all individuals, often considered fundamental and inalienable, including rights to life, liberty, and property, influencing political thought and revolutions.

A firsthand account or document created during a historical event, offering direct insights and perspectives, but requiring careful analysis for potential biases or limitations.

A territory controlled by a foreign power, enjoying a degree of autonomy, but still subject to the influence and protection of the dominant power.

A philosophical concept that highlights the idea of individuals surrendering certain rights in exchange for the benefits of living under a government's protection and order.

The application of Darwinian principles of survival of the fittest to human societies, often used to justify social inequalities, colonialism, and racial superiority.

An area where a country exerts significant influence, often through economic or political means, without necessarily formal control, representing a sphere of power.

A central argument or claim that forms the foundation of an essay or research paper, presented with evidence and analysis to support its validity.

An Italian jurist and philosopher who advocated for criminal justice reform, arguing for humane treatment of prisoners and against torture, influencing modern legal systems.

A Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary who played a key role in liberating much of South America from Spanish colonial rule, becoming a symbol of Latin American independence.

A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution, conquering much of Europe before his eventual downfall, leaving a lasting impact on European history.

A Polish astronomer who revolutionized the understanding of the solar system by proposing the heliocentric theory, challenging the geocentric view and paving the way for modern astronomy.

An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who played a pivotal role in the scientific revolution, supporting the heliocentric theory and making significant discoveries in astronomy and physics, contributing to the downfall of the geocentric view.

An English philosopher who argued for absolute sovereignty, stating that an authoritarian government was necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos, influential during the Enlightenment period.

An English philosopher who advocated for natural rights, limited government, and individual freedom, emphasizing the importance of consent of the governed, contributing significantly to Enlightenment thought.

The emperor of Ethiopia who successfully resisted Italian colonial ambitions, modernizing the nation and contributing to the preservation of Ethiopia's independence.

A French political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers, arguing for checks and balances to prevent tyranny, influencing the United States Constitution and modern democratic systems.

An English physicist and mathematician who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, revolutionizing physics and astronomy, and contributing to the scientific revolution.

An Indian soldier who played a key role in sparking the Sepoy Mutiny against British rule in India, refusing to use rifle cartridges greased with animal fat, symbolizing resistance against colonial oppression.

The queen of Jhansi, who led a valiant fight against the British during the Sepoy Mutiny, known for her courage and leadership, becoming a symbol of resistance against colonial rule.

A French philosopher who believed in popular sovereignty and the social contract, arguing for individual freedom and the will of the people, influencing revolutionary movements and democratic ideals.

A Scottish economist known as the father of modern economics, who advocated for free markets, limited government intervention, and the pursuit of self-interest, influencing capitalist systems and economic policies.

The queen mother of the Ashanti people who led a fierce resistance against British colonial rule, known for her powerful speeches and rallying of her people, symbolizing defiance against oppression.

A Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I, demonstrating the escalating tensions and conflicts in Europe.

The heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, triggering a diplomatic crisis that led to World War I, demonstrating the fragility of European peace and the impact of nationalism.