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Questions and Answers
What was the main purpose of the Dawes Plan (1924)?
What was the main purpose of the Dawes Plan (1924)?
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
What is the term used to describe a situation where a government spends more money than it takes in through taxes?
What is the term used to describe a situation where a government spends more money than it takes in through taxes?
What was one of the main causes of the Great Depression?
What was one of the main causes of the Great Depression?
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Which of the following events is considered a key trigger of the international financial crisis that led to the Great Depression?
Which of the following events is considered a key trigger of the international financial crisis that led to the Great Depression?
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What was the main goal of Stalin's Five-Year Plans in the Soviet Union?
What was the main goal of Stalin's Five-Year Plans in the Soviet Union?
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What was the key difference between Mussolini's Fascist government in Italy and Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany?
What was the key difference between Mussolini's Fascist government in Italy and Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany?
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What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)?
What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)?
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Which of the following was NOT a key component of the New Deal implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt?
Which of the following was NOT a key component of the New Deal implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt?
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Which nation faced severe economic repercussions, including hyperinflation, after World War I?
Which nation faced severe economic repercussions, including hyperinflation, after World War I?
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What was the main objective of the 'Lost Generation' writers?
What was the main objective of the 'Lost Generation' writers?
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Which art movement exemplified the chaotic and irrational aspects of life following World War I?
Which art movement exemplified the chaotic and irrational aspects of life following World War I?
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The uncertainty principle in physics, developed by Werner Heisenberg, reflected what broader phenomenon of the time?
The uncertainty principle in physics, developed by Werner Heisenberg, reflected what broader phenomenon of the time?
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Which of the following ideologies believed in the supremacy of the state over the individual?
Which of the following ideologies believed in the supremacy of the state over the individual?
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Which historical event marked the symbolic beginning of Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy?
Which historical event marked the symbolic beginning of Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy?
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What was a significant consequence of Joseph Stalin's First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union?
What was a significant consequence of Joseph Stalin's First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union?
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Which event led to the Spanish Civil War?
Which event led to the Spanish Civil War?
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What was a primary factor contributing to the rise of extremist parties in post-World War I Germany?
What was a primary factor contributing to the rise of extremist parties in post-World War I Germany?
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What was the significance of the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923?
What was the significance of the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923?
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What was the Enabling Act of 1933, passed by the Reichstag?
What was the Enabling Act of 1933, passed by the Reichstag?
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Which group was responsible for carrying out Nazi terror and enforcing the regime's ideologies?
Which group was responsible for carrying out Nazi terror and enforcing the regime's ideologies?
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What was a primary objective behind the Nuremberg Laws?
What was a primary objective behind the Nuremberg Laws?
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What was Kristallnacht?
What was Kristallnacht?
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What was the main role of women in Nazi ideology?
What was the main role of women in Nazi ideology?
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Flashcards
Deficit Spending
Deficit Spending
When a government spends more than it earns from taxes and revenue.
Collective Bargaining
Collective Bargaining
The right of unions to negotiate terms like wages and hours with employers.
Depression
Depression
A period marked by low economic activity and high unemployment.
Inflation
Inflation
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New Deal
New Deal
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Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
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Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
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Great Depression Triggers
Great Depression Triggers
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Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
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Lost Generation
Lost Generation
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Surrealism
Surrealism
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Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism
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Fascism
Fascism
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Stalin's First Five-Year Plan
Stalin's First Five-Year Plan
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Great Purge
Great Purge
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Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
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Nazi Party Formation
Nazi Party Formation
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Nuremberg Laws
Nuremberg Laws
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Enabling Act of 1933
Enabling Act of 1933
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Mass Propaganda
Mass Propaganda
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Economic Recovery in Nazi Germany
Economic Recovery in Nazi Germany
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Study Notes
Deficit Spending
- Government spending exceeding revenue from taxation and other sources.
Collective Bargaining
- Unions negotiating with employers over wages and hours.
Depression
- Period of low economic activity and high unemployment.
Inflation
- Rapid increase in prices.
New Deal
- Policy of active government intervention in the economy.
Treaty of Versailles
- Reparations imposed on Germany for its war guilt.
- Germany's debt set at 132 billion German marks (~$33 billion).
- Annual payments of 2.5 billion marks.
League of Nations
- Weakened by the absence of the US and other factors.
- Woodrow Wilson's hope for maintaining peace obstructed by US Senate's refusal to ratify the Treaty.
Mussolini's Fascist Government
- Controlled citizens through propaganda, mandatory service, and unconventional women's roles.
- Gained support by exploiting fears of uncertainty and disorder.
- Established a dictatorship, banning parties and creating OVRA (secret police) by 1926.
Stalin's Five-Year Plans
- Aimed to industrialize the Soviet Union.
- Stalin purged threats to gain control of the Communist Party.
- Collectivization led to devastating famines.
Hitler's Germany
- Political theories based on racism and nationalism.
- Ended the depression through public works and rearmament.
- Kristallnacht (November 9, 1938): Violent rampage against German Jews.
- Nuremberg Laws (September 1935): Excluded Jews from citizenship and prohibited mixed marriages.
Spanish Civil War
- Led by Francisco Franco against the democratic government.
- Supported by Italy and Germany.
Economic Policies and Responses
- Dawes Plan (1924): Reduced reparations, including a $200 million loan.
- Treaty of Locarno (1925): Secured Germany's western borders.
- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): International agreement to renounce war, lacking enforcement.
The Great Depression
- Economic collapse after a brief recovery from 1924.
- Overproduction in agriculture contributed to plunging prices.
- U.S. Stock Market Crash (1929) triggered an international crisis.
Germany During the Depression
- Transition to Weimar Republic.
- Faced severe inflation and rising unemployment.
France During the Depression
- Avoided severe early impacts but faced political unrest from 1932-1933.
- Popular Front government (1936) focused on labor rights, inspired by the U.S. New Deal.
Great Britain During the Depression
- Labour Party lost power due to economic issues.
- Conservative Party implemented balanced budgets and tariffs.
United States During the Depression
- Deeply impacted; over 12 million unemployed by 1933.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal included:
- Works Progress Administration (WPA) for public works.
- Social Security Act (1935) for pensions and unemployment insurance.
Cultural Reflections Post-WWI
- Lost Generation: Writers like Hemingway reflecting the psychological impact of the war.
- Dada: Art focused on life's absurdity, expressing chaos.
- Surrealism: Art exploring the unconscious, like Salvador Dalí's irrational worlds.
- Einstein's Influence: Revolutionized physics, and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle reflected contemporary anxieties.
Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
- Post-WWI Europe faced threats to democratic systems.
- Fascism, Mussolini's Italy and Stalin's Russia rose as totalitarian states.
- Totalitarian states controlled political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives using propaganda and modern communications.
- Fascism in Italy: Glorified the state; Mussolini initiated the first European fascist movement.
- Mussolini's use of nationalism and threats to gain power.
Stalin's USSR
- Lenin's NEP (New Economic Policy) allowed limited private ownership and market mechanisms.
- USSR formed in 1922.
- Stalin outmaneuvered Trotsky and launched the First Five-Year Plan in 1928.
- Industrialization caused poor living conditions and falling wages.
- Collectivization resulted in widespread famine.
- Great Purge (late 1930s): Mass arrests and executions.
Authoritarian States in the West
- Some Western governments adopted authoritarianism without total control.
- Aimed to maintain existing social orders.
- Many Eastern European nations initially had parliamentary systems, but authoritarianism replaced them due to a lack of democratic traditions.
Spain
- Francisco Franco led a revolt in 1936, initiating the Spanish Civil War.
- Supported by Italy and Germany, aided by the Soviet Union.
- Franco's victory established a long-lasting dictatorship until 1975.
Hitler and Nazi Germany
- Post-WWI Germany faced severe repercussions, economic turmoil, and hyperinflation.
- The Great Depression intensified unrest, making extremist parties attractive.
- Hitler developed anti-Semitic and nationalist ideas in Vienna.
- Served in the German Army, fueling his ambitions.
Nazi Party Formation
- Joined the German Workers' Party (1919), transformed into the NSDAP (1921).
- SA (Storm Troops) grew to 15,000 members.
- Beer Hall Putsch (1923): Failed armed revolt in Munich led to Hitler's imprisonment.
- Wrote Mein Kampf during imprisonment.
Rise of Nazism
- Hitler strategically sought legal means to gain power.
- Nazi Party’s organization reached nationwide coverage; membership swelled to 800,000.
- Economic crisis and unemployment contributed to the Nazi rise.
- Hitler appointed Chancellor in January 1933 under pressure.
The Nazi State (1933–1939)
- Created a totalitarian state based on Aryan racial ideology.
- Controlled education, culture, and leisure.
- SS played a critical role in enforcing Nazi terror.
Economic Recovery
- Implemented large-scale public works projects (e.g., Autobahn).
- Rearmament initiatives created jobs.
- Unemployment fell below 500,000 by 1937 under the Nazi program.
Women and Nazism
- Nazi ideology relegated women to homemaker and mother roles.
- Careers in heavy industries, law, and higher education discouraged.
Anti-Semitic Policies
- Nuremberg Laws (1935): Defined Jewish identity, stripped Jews of citizenship.
- Kristallnacht (1938): Coordinated attacks on Jewish communities.
Culture and Leisure
- Mass communications, particularly radio, facilitated cultural and political influence.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key economic and political concepts such as deficit spending, collective bargaining, and the impacts of historical treaties. This quiz covers significant events and policies that shaped modern economies and governance. Challenge yourself to understand these foundational topics!
