Political Concepts and Historical Debates
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Questions and Answers

What was the main argument presented by Sepulveda in the debate between Sepulveda and Las Casas?

  • All Natives should be treated equally.
  • Slaves should be converted to Christianity.
  • Slaves should remain enslaved. (correct)
  • Slavery should be abolished entirely.

    • Which government type is characterized by a union of nations?

  • Oligarchy
  • Monarchy
  • Confederation (correct)
  • Autocracy

    • Who is credited with laying the groundwork for democracy in Ancient Greece?

  • Plato
  • Cleisthenes
  • Aristotle
  • Solon (correct)

    • What major political concept did Cleisthenes create?

    <p>Direct Democracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Roman society, who were the Patricians?

    <p>Wealthy landowners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant document limited the power of the English King?

    <p>Magna Carta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of checks and balances in government?

    <p>To monitor the power of different branches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social structure is characterized by kings, lords, knights, and serfs?

    <p>Feudal System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resource was notably returned to Spain by Columbus after his voyages?

    <p>Tobacco (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes the effects of the Spanish conquest on the indigenous populations?

    <p>They faced devastating losses due to disease and enslavement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Treaty of Tordesillas intended to accomplish?

    <p>Divide newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the system that dictated how conquistadors were expected to engage with indigenous populations?

    <p>Requerimento (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which explorer is credited with coining the term 'Mundus Novus'?

    <p>Amerigo Vespucci (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major effect of the Columbian Exchange on the Old World?

    <p>Increased diversity in diets and agricultural products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'Black Legend' associated with Columbus?

    <p>A condemnation of his treatment of natives and mismanagement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the 'Doctrine of Discovery' primarily used for?

    <p>To justify the conquest and colonization of non-Christian lands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Spanish administration manage its colonies in the New World?

    <p>With the establishment of the Council of the Indies and Viceroys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the indigenous populations in the Aztec and Incan empires following Spanish conquest?

    <p>They suffered significant population loss and destruction due to warfare and disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population in colonial Virginia were considered landed gentry?

    <p>6% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted Bacon to start a rebellion?

    <p>Lack of land and governmental support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common belief about hierarchy during this period?

    <p>Land ownership equated to power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Bacon's Rebellion for Nathaniel Bacon?

    <p>He died from illness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group did Bacon's Rebellion primarily represent?

    <p>Working class and disenfranchised individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the effects of Bacon's Rebellion on colonial policy?

    <p>A shift in favor of European over African laborers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Governor Berkeley and what was his role during Bacon's Rebellion?

    <p>He ignored the calls for protection from Bacon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key principle highlighted by Bacon's Rebellion?

    <p>Citizens can rebel if their government fails to protect them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term teleology refer to in the study of history?

    <p>History viewed in a predetermined context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of history does contingency emphasize?

    <p>Multiple potential futures stemming from events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact of Constantine on Christianity?

    <p>He adapted Christianity and promoted its spread (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Great Schism of 1054 resulted in the division of which two branches of Christianity?

    <p>Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main purposes of the Crusades?

    <p>To liberate the holy land from Muslims (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did trade routes evolve according to geographical struggles?

    <p>Due to political and religious motivations for resource needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Pope Urban play in the Crusades?

    <p>He called for the liberation of the holy land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did trade routes impact cities during historical growth?

    <p>Increased resource demands led to urban development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason Carolina was originally given to eight proprietors?

    <p>As a land grant from Charles II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which author provided ideas for the early government of Carolina?

    <p>John Locke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for the economic struggles in North Carolina?

    <p>Absence of port cities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal for the establishment of the Georgia colony?

    <p>To prevent Spanish expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Mystic Massacre?

    <p>The decrease of the Pequot population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became the leader of the Wampanoag after Massasoit's death?

    <p>King Philip/Metacom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Treaty of Hartford was a result of which conflict?

    <p>The Pequot War (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of epidemics on the Native population?

    <p>Significant decrease in population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one result of the conversion efforts on Native tribes?

    <p>Growth of Praying towns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary factor in the split of the Carolina colony in 1712?

    <p>Geographical barriers affecting docking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Great Awakening?

    <p>Religious revival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure is most associated with the extreme sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'?

    <p>Jonathon Edwards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between slander and libel?

    <p>Libel is easier to prove than slander. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Andrew Hamilton's role in the Zenger trial?

    <p>He defended Zenger, arguing for the truth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts did Locke advocate?

    <p>Natural rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Sapere Aude' encourage individuals to do?

    <p>Dare to know and question the status quo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the idea of separation of powers?

    <p>Montesquieu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Great Awakening in terms of religious practice?

    <p>Greater unity and tolerance among different denominations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main advantages of having slaves during the time period discussed?

    <p>They were difficult to escape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the scientific revolution influence the Enlightenment?

    <p>It emphasized reason and experimental methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Maryland established as a proprietary colony?

    <p>To provide a refuge for Catholics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common characteristic of the salons during the Enlightenment?

    <p>They were gatherings for philosophers to socialize and discuss ideas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoags characterized by?

    <p>Mutual support through negotiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary motivation fueled the settling of the New England Colonies?

    <p>Religious freedom. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

    <p>It created a self-governing colony. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the Maryland colony's governance structure?

    <p>A mix of Catholic and Protestant influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Great Migration impact the population of New England?

    <p>It caused an influx of Puritans to settle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Great Law of Peace for the Oneida?

    <p>A constitution promoting peace, equality, and order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document was passed to ensure the safety of Catholics in Maryland?

    <p>The Act of Toleration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What power did women hold within the Oneida nation?

    <p>They could veto treaties and declare war (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the Blue Laws established in the colonies?

    <p>Enforcing religious conformity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did John Winthrop play in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

    <p>Governor and a religious leader. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Seventh Generation principle emphasize?

    <p>Long-term impacts of decisions on future generations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of the Massachusetts government?

    <p>Theocratic elements limiting participation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the actions taken by Sir Edmund Andros as the Royal Governor?

    <p>He closed colonial assemblies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did covenant faith represent for the Pilgrims?

    <p>A trust between God and the community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Glorious Revolution of 1689 primarily about?

    <p>The overthrow of James II without bloodshed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence of the Treaty of Paris in 1763?

    <p>The French lost all their land in North America. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the creation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

    <p>The Great Migration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Anti-Catholic sentiment manifest in the colonies after the Glorious Revolution?

    <p>Catholics faced violence and persecution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Navigation Acts?

    <p>To control colonial trade and benefit Britain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Pontiac is true?

    <p>He led an alliance of tribes against British forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Albany Plan of Union propose?

    <p>Establishment of a unified council for the colonies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Power of the Purse' refer to in the context of colonial assemblies?

    <p>The right of the colonial assembly to control taxation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy was used by the English during the battle at Quebec?

    <p>An amphibious attack at night. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of Salutary Neglect for the American colonies?

    <p>A sense of autonomy and independence among colonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which notable slogan was popularized by Ben Franklin during this time?

    <p>Join or die. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Act of Settlement designed to achieve?

    <p>To establish clear lines of authority regarding succession (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant action taken by the British in response to Pontiac's Rebellion?

    <p>They distributed smallpox-infected blankets to natives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the main focus of the French and Indian War?

    <p>French expansion into the Ohio River Valley. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the British general killed during the Battle of Quebec?

    <p>General Wolfe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the Paxton Boys' attack on native villages?

    <p>Rumors about a nearby native war party. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of the Acadians after British control?

    <p>They were exiled and became known as Cajuns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main role of the Model Parliament in England?

    <p>To serve as England's first elected governing body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the criticisms of Catholicism in the 1400s?

    <p>Priests were wealthy while many others were struggling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Protestant Reformation' refer to?

    <p>A series of revolts against Catholic Church doctrines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Henry VIII's wives is known for giving him a male heir?

    <p>Jane Seymour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the 'Spanish Armada'?

    <p>The largest naval invasion launched by Spain against England (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the 'Middle Way' implemented by Elizabeth I?

    <p>Allowing religious freedoms for both Protestants and Catholics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of mercantilism?

    <p>Ensuring a positive balance of trade by exporting more than importing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the enclosure movement in England?

    <p>The rise of a wealthy class of landowners with no employment for peasants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Martin Luther?

    <p>A Protestant reformer who criticized the Catholic Church (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Predestination' refer to in Calvinist belief?

    <p>The idea that God has predetermined salvation for certain souls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the Virginia Company?

    <p>It was granted a charter to settle and explore new territories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary impact of the Protestant Wind during the Spanish Armada's attack?

    <p>It caused the destruction of many Spanish ships and contributed to their defeat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the differences between Catholic and Lutheran sacraments?

    <p>Catholicism recognizes seven sacraments, while Lutheranism only observes two. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one result of the spread of Protestantism?

    <p>The fragmentation of religious practices and ideologies across Europe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one primary motivation for establishing the southern colonies?

    <p>To gain wealth through plantations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the early struggles of Jamestown?

    <p>Disease, food shortages, and lack of workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Headright System in the colonies?

    <p>To incentivize migration and settle land (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the beginning of the Atlantic Slave Trade related to the English colonies?

    <p>The arrival of the first slaves in Jamestown in 1619 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the relationship between the Powhatans and the English settlers develop?

    <p>They engaged in constant conflict over resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did King James I transform Virginia into a royal colony?

    <p>Because of concerns about the House of Burgesses and tobacco production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact of the Middle Passage on enslaved Africans?

    <p>They experienced brutal conditions on the journey (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographic feature greatly influenced the settlement pattern in Virginia?

    <p>Rivers that facilitated transportation and trade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the shift from indentured servants to slaves in colonial labor?

    <p>The permanent need for labor due to plantation farming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common economic activity in the southern colonies?

    <p>Plantation agriculture focusing on cash crops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the laws established to support slavery in the colonies?

    <p>Slavery was legitimized as a lifelong status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Triangle Trade?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of goods and slaves among continents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main motivations for people during the Salem Witch Trials?

    <p>Power and religious fanaticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defined the term 'Starving Times' in Jamestown?

    <p>A period of severe food shortages in 1609-1610 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant reason Roger Williams faced issues with the Puritans?

    <p>He believed in religious freedom and land rights for natives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of John Rolfe in the survival of Jamestown?

    <p>He brought supplies and developed a profitable strain of tobacco (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the patroon system involve in the Dutch colonies?

    <p>Land grants to nobles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was unique about the governance of Pennsylvania compared to other colonies?

    <p>There were no hierarchical positions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the early inhabitants of New York City view its diverse population?

    <p>They welcomed various cultures and backgrounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the New Netherlands colony founded by the Dutch?

    <p>To establish a profitable trading post (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Anne Hutchinson charged with that led to her banishment?

    <p>Heresy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main economic activity for New Hampshire when it was established?

    <p>Fishing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterized Thomas Hooker's governance in Connecticut?

    <p>A written constitution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguished the Middle Colonies from both Virginia and New England?

    <p>More diversity in population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the term 'Restoration Colonies'?

    <p>They were granted during the monarchy's re-establishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be considered a reason for the differences in population between Virginia and New England?

    <p>Virginia had a predominantly white population versus a mixed population in New England (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Quaker beliefs often caused them trouble with authorities?

    <p>Their stance on equality among all people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event most directly led to the transformation of New Amsterdam into New York City?

    <p>An English military takeover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Black Death in Europe?

    <p>Decreased food prices and economic opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a product commonly traded from Africa?

    <p>Silk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Mediterranean play during the Commercial Revolution?

    <p>It was a crucial trading zone connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Renaissance contribute to societal changes during this period?

    <p>It emphasized secularism, humanism, and creativity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following navigational tools was developed during the era leading to exploration?

    <p>Astrolabe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family is noted for its immense wealth and support of the arts during the Renaissance?

    <p>The Medici Family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of Christopher Columbus's expedition funded by Spain?

    <p>To locate treasure in the Indies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Scientific Revolution?

    <p>It encouraged people to question established knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical event facilitated increased trade and led to the spread of the Black Death?

    <p>The Crusades (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Prince Henry the Navigator's primary focus?

    <p>Establishing a school for navigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?

    <p>To establish a boundary between natives and colonials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the colonials respond to the Stamp Act of 1765?

    <p>They organized the Sons of Liberty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770?

    <p>It fueled colonial anger against British troops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Tea Act of 1773 do?

    <p>Granted a monopoly to the British East India Company (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was a direct response to colonial boycotts and protests?

    <p>Intolerable Acts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle did James Otis advocate regarding taxation?

    <p>Taxation without representation is tyranny (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the Committees of Correspondence?

    <p>To unite colonies in opposition to British authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the British government justify the Stamp Act?

    <p>To fund military troops stationed in the colonies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome followed the Boston Tea Party?

    <p>The Intolerable Acts were enacted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one effect of the Quartering Act on colonial sentiment?

    <p>It caused resentment towards British interference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Declaratory Act of 1766 signify?

    <p>Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were the Townshend Duties particularly unpopular among colonists?

    <p>They were indirect taxes on essential goods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event was triggered by the colonial reaction to the Intolerable Acts?

    <p>The first Continental Congress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the battles at Lexington and Concord?

    <p>Colonials were emboldened to resist British rule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Teleological and Contingency in History

    • Teleology views history as having a predetermined path.
    • Contingency sees history as having multiple possible futures.
    • Allen's approach: Both concepts are valuable; basic historical understanding (teleology) is needed, but contingency is more crucial for understanding historical choices and minority perspectives.

    Four Themes

    • Religion, Commerce, Renaissance, and Scientific Revolution are four central themes.
    • Telephoto lens: zoomed-in on specifics in history.
    • Wide lens: broad view of all aspects.

    Religion

    Christianity

    • BCE/CE replaced BC/AD.
    • Jesus: believed to be the messiah.
    • Constantine: Byzantine leader who adopted and spread Christianity.
    • Geography's impact: Christianity's shift to Constantinople, influencing broader conversion.

    Islam

    • Mohammed: prophet.
    • Mecca/Medina: two holy cities.
    • Spread: Islam's significant spread throughout the Mediterranean region.

    Great Schism (1054)

    • Roman Catholic/Eastern Orthodox split.
    • Pope/Patriarch: leaders of the Catholic and Orthodox branches.
    • Rome/Constantinople: respective centers of each branch.

    Crusades

    • Purpose: Pope Urban II sought to liberate the Holy Land.
    • Impact: stimulated trade and expanded knowledge.
    • Motivations for participating: religious zeal, financial gain, land acquisition, adventure.

    Trade/Markets

    • Trade routes evolved due to geographical needs and political/religious motivations.
    • Impact: fostered economic growth, cultural exchange, and wealth generation.
    • Key regions: Middle East (central trading hub), Indian Ocean (resource-rich), Asia (Silk Road), Africa (gold, spices).
    • Products exchanged: Africa (gold, slaves, coffee, salt), Asia (silk, spices, rugs, sugar).

    Commercial Revolution

    • Period of heightened trade activity.
    • Mediterranean's significance: crucial trading center between regions.

    Black Death

    • Death toll: 30-60% of Europe's population.
    • Societal change: fear, economic disruption, abundance of food, cost decreases, increased opportunities.
    • Long-term impact: questioning of established norms and values, leading to the Renaissance.

    Renaissance

    • Causes: plague's impact, port cities, desire for wealth and new ideas.
    • Role of Crusades & Black Death: fostered wealth, new ideas and challenged existing norms
    • Medici family's impact: patronage of the arts.
    • Emphasis: Individualism, Humanism, Secularism, Creativity, Questioning, Classicism (Greek-Roman influence), and Trade.
    • Impact: Bridging gap to the modern era, fostering a spirit of innovation and discovery.

    Scientific Revolution

    • Geocentric vs Heliocentric: Earth-centered vs Sun-centered models of the universe.
    • Galileo: faced persecution for advocating heliocentric theory.
    • Scientific method: observation, analysis. Bacon’s contribution.
    • Importance: challenged established ideas, propelled scientific advancements, and paved the way for modern thought.

    Technological Advances

    • Printing press/movable type: increased knowledge dissemination.
    • Gutenberg Bible: landmark product of the printing press.
    • Caravel/lateen sails: improved maritime travel.
    • Astrolabe/compass: improved navigation.

    Expanding Ottoman Empire

    • Impact on trade: disruption/increased cost, fear among Christians.
    • Constantinople/Istanbul: significant trading hub.
    • Impact on Italy: increased trade difficulties; Genoa/Venice benefited from trade/financial services;

    Iberian Peninsula (Portugal/Spain)

    • Prince Henry the Navigator: supported voyages of exploration, established a school.
    • Dias: sailed around the Cape of Good Hope.
    • da Gama: reached India by sea.

    Christopher Columbus

    • Enterprise of the Indies: Columbus's proposal for reaching Asia by sailing west.
    • Spanish sponsorship (Isabella & Ferdinand).
    • Trade winds and Cimpago (Japan): Columbus's estimated route to Cimpago.
    • Toscanelli map: Columbus's planned voyage path.
    • Voyage challenges: sea sickness, malnutrition, disease.
    • San Salvador/Arawak: landfall, mistaken belief of reaching Asia.
    • Leadership style: exploitation, cruelty.

    Cycle of Conquest

    • Explorer-Conquistadors-Missionaries-Settlers-Colony: phases of Spanish colonization.
    • Aztec/Inca Empires: defeated by the Spanish; details on empires.

    Contest For Empire (Catholic Church)

    • Iberian Peninsula conflict: religious dimension tied to land claims.
    • Papal Bulls: rulings (asserted Christian superiority, directed expansion, justified enslavement).
    • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): division of newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
    • Doctrine of Discovery, Requerimento, and "Just War": justification for conquest.

    Impact of European Interaction

    • Spaniard vs Natives: conflict, displacement, enslavement.
    • Disease impact: decimation of indigenous populations due to lack of immunity.
    • Columbian Exchange: exchange of food, diseases.

    Spanish Imperialism (Americas)

    • Administration: colonies, Council of the Indies, Viceroys.
    • Encomienda System: forced labor, conversion, results.
    • Debate between Sepulveda and Las Casas: arguments on the treatment of indigenous populations.

    Types of Government

    • Anarchy, Autocracy, Confederation, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Socialism, Theocracy, Plutocracy, Aristocracy.

    Ancient Greece/Rome

    • Polis, Archons, Solon, Cleisthenes, Direct Democracy (details are included).
    • Republican/Representative democracies, Patricians/Plebeians, checks and balances.
    • Feudal system (details).
    • Parliament, Magna Carta, King John, Model Parliament, Power of the Purse.

    Christianity evolves

    • Catholicism vs. Christianity: distinctions.
    • 1400s Catholicism issues/abuses: criticisms of corruption, wealth inequality.
    • Indulgences/Tetzel: practices that spurred religious reform.

    Reformation

    • Martin Luther: location, excommunication.
    • Protestantism: movement of religious protesting against church
    • Protestant Reformation impact:
      • Breaks away from the Catholic Church
      • Religious crisis; empire collapse
      • Gave people choice of religion

    England (Henry VIII,Tudor Family, Elizabeth I, etc)

    • Key figures, conflicts and important religious reformation details are included

    Mercantilism & Colonialism

    • Merchant Capitalism, Positive Balance of Trade, Export vs Import, Raw materials, Mother Country, Goals, Charters
    • Joint Stock Company, Virginia Company, Proprietary Colony, Charter Colony, Royal Colony

    Colonies (New England, Middle, Southern)

    • Geography impacts on various colonies.
    • Jamestown : Issues and success factors are included.
    • Chesapeake society, shifting labor, development of slavery, Atlantic slave trade, Triangle Trade, laws and advantages of slavery. Motivations for Southern Colonies.
    • New England Colonies: religion as the driving force, Puritan movement, Pilgrims, Mayflower Compact, Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony (Winthrop, Hooker, Hutchinson), Salem Witch Trials.
    • Middle Colonies: diverse population, trade, Dutch settlements.
    • Key features of Carolina Colony, Georgia.

    Conflicts

    • Pequot War, King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, Iroquois Confederacy, origins and role, including women's political power.

    Wars

    • Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
      • European and Colonial forces involved, key battles
    • Pontiac’s Rebellion, and Proclamation of 1763
    • British Assertion of Authority (more details on acts)

    Enlightenment/Great Awakening

    • Enlightenment thinkers.
    • Key aspects impacting colonists (reason, liberty, individual rights).
    • Salons, Censorship
    • French Colonization (details)
    • Intercolonial wars, Seven Year's War, Treaty of Paris

    Colonial Period (Post-1763)

    • Increased British control
    • Colonial resistance
      • Stamp Act, Townshend Duties, Boston Massacre, Intolerable Acts
    • The lead up to revolution
      • Tea Act, Boston Tea Party, Quebec act, First continental congress, Lexington/Concord fight
    • Key figures, roles, and major events leading to American Revolution.

    Studying That Suits You

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key political debates, government structures, and historical figures that shaped democracy. This quiz covers significant arguments from the Sepulveda and Las Casas debate, the role of checks and balances, and the social hierarchies in ancient civilizations.

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