Poliovirus Infections and Transmission

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What is the primary method of transmission of Hepatitis E virus?

Through respiratory droplets
Through fecal-oral route (correct)
Through contaminated food and water
Through contact with an infected person's blood

What is the purpose of giving rabies immune globulins in post-exposure prevention?

To provide passive immunity (correct)
To provide active immunity
To reduce symptoms
To kill the virus

What is unique about the transmission of Rotavirus?

It is resistant to stomach acid (correct)
It can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route
It can be transmitted through the air
It can be transmitted from mother to child

What is the primary method of transmission of Hepatitis C virus?

Through contact with an infected person's blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is used to prevent Rotavirus infection?

Live reassortant vaccine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for poliovirus?

Fecal-oral route (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Salk and Sabin vaccines for poliovirus?

The Salk vaccine is an inactivated vaccine, while the Sabin vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of infection for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?

Pharyngeal epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of infection with hepatitis A virus in the liver?

The immune response, specifically cytotoxic T cells, causes hepatocellular injury (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of finding virus in stools in poliovirus infection?

It indicates infection, but not necessarily disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of transmission for Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Via sexual contact, perinatal infection, and transfusions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the Sabin vaccine over the Salk vaccine?

The Sabin vaccine induces intestinal IgA and immunity of longer duration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of transmission for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?

Via direct contact with virus vesicle and saliva (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common disease caused by Adenovirus?

Pharyngitis and pneumonia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common disease caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)?

Kaposi's sarcoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

Through direct contact of skin and genital lesions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the E6 and E7 proteins in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection?

They encode proteins that inhibit the activity of proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the three serologic tests used in the laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis B?

To detect the presence of Hepatitis B virus, as well as the immune response to it (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'window' phase in Hepatitis B infection?

It is the period when the individual has neither detectable HBs antigen nor HBs antibody (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is commonly associated with bronchiolitis and otitis media in children?

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of 5% of Hepatitis B infections?

Chronic carrier state (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Rubella Virus?

Respiratory droplets and across the placenta from mother to fetus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of Rabies Virus replication?

Axonal transport up nerve to CNS (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is used to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella?

Live, attenuated vaccine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

Coronavirus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the capsid symmetry of the Measles virus?

Helical (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of responses to poliovirus infection?

Inapparent, abortive, nonparalytic, and paralytic poliomyelitis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the replication strategy of the Rabies virus?

Negative-sense single-stranded RNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is used to prevent Enteroviruses?

Live attenuated vaccine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission route of Hepatitis A virus?

Fecal-oral route (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the RNA structure of Hepatitis B virus?

Single-stranded, linear, positive polarity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a medically important virus that belongs to the Picornavirus family?

Poliovirus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the RNA structure of Flavivirus?

Single-stranded, linear, positive polarity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hyperimmune serum globulins in Hepatitis B prevention?

To provide passive immunity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for chronic Hepatitis B?

Alpha interferon and lamivudine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of hepatocellular injury caused by Hepatitis C Virus?

Cytotoxic T cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of PCR-based assay in detecting Hepatitis C Virus infection?

Evaluating whether active infection is present (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HBV in Hepatitis D Virus infection?

HBV is the helper virus for Hepatitis D (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of reverse transcription in Human Immunodeficiency Virus?

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase makes a DNA copy of the genome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Alpha interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis?

Mitigate chronic hepatitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes C. albicans from other species of Candida?

both a and b (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is affected in children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

cell-mediated immunity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans?

Soil (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans?

It is heavily encapsulated (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans?

Inhalation of airborne yeast cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Sporothrix schenckii?

Puncture wounds caused by rose thorns or other sharp objects (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural habitat of Histoplasma capsulatum?

Soil enriched with bird droppings (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the skin test for Histoplasma capsulatum?

To determine if the patient has been infected (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis?

It is a thermally dimorphic fungus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis?

Blastomycosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the yeast form of Candida albicans?

It produces pseudohyphae and hyphae when it invades tissue. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Paracoccidioidomycosis?

Inhalation of airborne spores (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the predisposing factor for Thrush caused by Candida albicans?

Reduced cell-mediated immunity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common site of infection for Candida albicans?

Moisture-damaged skin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the yeast form of thermally dimorphic fungi?

It has a single, broad-based bud and a thick, refractile wall. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of fungal hyphae does Aspergillus fumigatus have?

Septate hyphae (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Aspergillus fumigatus?

Inhalation of airborne spores (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical habitat of Mucor and Rhizopus species?

Soil (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease caused by Mucor and Rhizopus species?

Mucormycosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae?

Branch at a V-shaped angle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the fungal cell wall?

Chitin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of dimorphic fungi?

They can exist as either yeasts or molds depending on temperature (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungal infections elicits a granulomatous host defense response?

Histoplasma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of amanitin on cellular processes?

Inhibits RNA polymerase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the host defense response to Aspergillus infection?

Pyogenic response (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of KOH in a microscopic examination of fungal structures?

To dissolve human cells, allowing visualization of fungi (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Amphotericin B in antifungal therapy?

Disruption of the integrity of fungal cell membranes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hypersensitivity response caused by inhalation of spores of Aspergillus fumigatus?

IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity response (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aflatoxin in causing liver cancer?

It causes mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor protein (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Sabouraud's agar in laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections?

To inhibit the growth of bacteria (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratinases produced by dermatophytes?

To break down keratin in human skin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a variety of lesions on the skin or scalp?

Tinea (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of dermatophytes?

Human skin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii?

Sporotrichosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe fungal infections of the nails?

Onychomycosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton?

They are molds that use keratin as a nutritional source (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission of dermatophyte infections?

Direct contact with skin scales (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe fungal infections of the scalp?

Tinea capitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fungal infections of the groin, perineum, or perianal area?

They are known as Tinea cruris (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of infection for dermatophyte infections?

Outer layers of skin, hair, and nails (D) Signup and view all the answers