Poliovirus and Enterovirus Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which enterovirus is specifically associated with causing pneumonia in children?

Enterovirus 70

Enterovirus 68 (correct)

Echovirus

Enterovirus 71

What is the primary method of transmission for echoviruses?

Faeco-oral route (correct)

Direct contact with infected individuals

Vector-borne transmission

Airborne particles

Which condition is NOT typically caused by rhinoviruses?

Upper respiratory tract infections

Common cold

Asthma exacerbations

Aseptic meningitis (correct)

What characterizes the incubation period of rhinovirus infections?

2-4 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by Enterovirus 71?

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with aseptic meningitis during poliovirus infection?

Stiffness and pain in the back and neck Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of poliovirus infection is characterized by mild symptoms such as fever and malaise but can potentially be halted?

Abortive infection Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of poliovirus cases potentially progress to paralytic poliomyelitis?

0.1-1% Signup and view all the answers

What is used to diagnose poliovirus infection effectively?

Isolation of the virus from stools or throat washings Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Salk inactivated polio-vaccine (IPV)?

It produces neutralizing antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of infection with the poliovirus at the inapparent infection stage?

Virus excretion in the stools Signup and view all the answers

How long can poliovirus be excreted in stools after an infection?

For several months Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of passive immunization with gamma globulins in polio prevention?

To stimulate immediate immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification status of Hepatovirus?

It was once classified as enterovirus type 72 but is now in a separate genus. Signup and view all the answers

Which Picornavirus type is stable at pH 3 and can infect via the oral route?

Human Enterovirus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Polioviruses is true?

They are the only natural host for infection. Signup and view all the answers

What type of diseases can Parechoviruses cause?

Common cold, gastroenteritis, neonatal sepsis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis. Signup and view all the answers

The incubation period for poliovirus infection is typically how many days?

7-14 days Signup and view all the answers

Which Picornavirus is known to cause foot and mouth disease?

Aphthovirus Signup and view all the answers

Which genera of Picornaviruses is comprised of over 150 antigenic types?

Rhinoviruses Signup and view all the answers

What type of poliovirus infection often goes unnoticed?

Subclinical infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Coxsackieviruses?

Faeco-oral or respiratory route Signup and view all the answers

What disease is primarily characterized by fever, sore throat, and vesicles in the throat and tongue in children?

Herpangina Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Coxsackieviruses is associated with myocarditis and pericarditis?

Coxsackievirus B Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period range for Coxsackievirus infection?

2 to 9 days Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is not commonly associated with Coxsackieviruses?

Chronic fatigue syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary pathogenicity in newborn suckling mice?

Coxsackieviruses A causes rapid fatality without lesions Signup and view all the answers

What symptom can occur in Pleurodynia caused by group B Coxsackievirus?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Coxsackieviruses multiply primarily in which of the following body systems?

Gastrointestinal tract or oropharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of the Sabin living attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV)?

It prevents intestinal infections with wild poliovirus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Sabin vaccine?

It can lead to vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to a failure of the Sabin vaccine during vaccination?

Loss of vaccine potency during storage. Signup and view all the answers

What method of vaccine dissemination does OPV promote?

Spread of immunity through faeco-oral route. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Salk vaccine recommended for immunodeficient children?

It poses no risk of vaccine-associated paralysis. Signup and view all the answers

At what ages is the Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) typically administered?

2, 4, and 6 months with a booster at 4-6 years. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) used in the USA is correct?

It is the primary vaccine used to prevent VAPP. Signup and view all the answers

Which component stabilizes the Sabin vaccine?

MgCl2. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Picornaviruses

Picornaviruses are the smallest RNA viruses, measuring 25-30nm in diameter.
They include several genera that cause diseases in humans.
Human Enteroviruses (HEV) include:
- Polioviruses (PV1, PV2, PV3)
- Coxsackieviruses (types A and B)
- Echoviruses
- Enteroviruses (types 68-116)
Hepatovirus is Hepatitis A virus.
Rhinoviruses cause the common cold.
Parechoviruses cause various diseases.
Aphthoviruses cause foot-and-mouth disease in animals.

Picornavirus Properties

HEV are stable at pH 3, allowing oral transmission.
Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A) was previously classified as an enterovirus, but is now in its own genus.
Rhinoviruses are acid-labile at pH 3, requiring respiratory transmission.
Parechoviruses (14 serotypes) cause a variety of illnesses, including common cold, neonatal sepsis, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis.
Aphthoviruses cause foot-and-mouth disease in animals and can be transmitted to humans via contact or ingested meat.

Human Enteroviruses (HEV)

HEV includes 5 species and numerous serotypes.
HEV-A includes Coxsackievirus A (1-12 types) and are part of HEV-C species.
HEV-B: Coxsackieviruses B (7 types) and echoviruses (33 types)
HEV-C includes Coxsackieviruses A (1-12 types)
Enteroviruses (types 68–116)

Polioviruses (PV)

Polioviruses (types 1, 2, and 3) cause poliomyelitis.
Poliomyelitis is a CNS infection causing flaccid paralysis in some cases.
Most infections are asymptomatic.
The virus has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome; it is an icosahedral, non-enveloped virus, 25-30nm in diameter.
Polioviruses infect only primates including humans and monkeys because of specific receptors on their cells.
Infection occurs through oral intake of contaminated food or drink.
The virus has a 7-14 day incubation period.
The infection can progress in stages: inapparent infection, abortive infection, aseptic meningitis (non-paralytic polio), and paralytic polio.
- Inapparent infection occurs with no symptoms.
- Abortive infection presents with mild symptoms (fever, malaise, headache).
- Aseptic meningitis is characterized by stiffness or pain in the back and neck.
- Paralytic poliomyelitis affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to flaccid paralysis, and has a low incidence.
Immunity to poliovirus is permanent after infection.
No permanent carrier state occurs, but virus excretion in stools can occur for several months.

Poliovirus Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from stool or throat washings using tissue culture or PCR.
Antibody testing (neutralization or complement fixation tests) helps determine if a patient has a rising antibody titre.
Use of PCR for rapid detection of viral RNA in blood.

Poliovirus Prophylaxis

Active Immunization:
- Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
- Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Passive Immunization:
- Gamma globulins are injected to susceptible unimmunized people to prevent paralytic poliomyelitis.

Coxsackieviruses

Coxsackieviruses are classified into types A and B based on pathogenicity in newborn mice.
Coxsackieviruses A (12 types) and A are part of HEV-A, HEV-C species.
Coxsackieviruses B (7 types) are part of HEV-B species
They cause several diseases in humans.
Transmission is via fecal-oral or respiratory routes.
Coxsackieviruses replicate in the GIT or oropharynx, then spread via the bloodstream.

Echoviruses

Echoviruses (33 serotypes) are part of the HEV-B species.
They are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and cause a variety of diseases.

Rhinoviruses

More than 150 types are known.
Cause upper respiratory infections, especially common colds.
Responsible for about half of asthma exacerbations.
Grow better at 33°C (the temperature of the nasopharynx).
Transmitted by contact or airborne particles.

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Description

Test your knowledge on enteroviruses and poliovirus, including their transmission methods, symptoms, and vaccinations. This quiz covers critical aspects of these viruses, focusing on their impact on children and the medical interventions used for prevention.