Poliovirus and Enterovirus Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which enterovirus is specifically associated with causing pneumonia in children?

  • Enterovirus 70
  • Enterovirus 68 (correct)
  • Echovirus
  • Enterovirus 71

What is the primary method of transmission for echoviruses?

  • Faeco-oral route (correct)
  • Direct contact with infected individuals
  • Vector-borne transmission
  • Airborne particles

Which condition is NOT typically caused by rhinoviruses?

  • Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Common cold
  • Asthma exacerbations
  • Aseptic meningitis (correct)

What characterizes the incubation period of rhinovirus infections?

<p>2-4 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by Enterovirus 71?

<p>Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (A), Aseptic meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with aseptic meningitis during poliovirus infection?

<p>Stiffness and pain in the back and neck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of poliovirus infection is characterized by mild symptoms such as fever and malaise but can potentially be halted?

<p>Abortive infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of poliovirus cases potentially progress to paralytic poliomyelitis?

<p>0.1-1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to diagnose poliovirus infection effectively?

<p>Isolation of the virus from stools or throat washings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Salk inactivated polio-vaccine (IPV)?

<p>It produces neutralizing antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of infection with the poliovirus at the inapparent infection stage?

<p>Virus excretion in the stools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can poliovirus be excreted in stools after an infection?

<p>For several months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of passive immunization with gamma globulins in polio prevention?

<p>To stimulate immediate immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification status of Hepatovirus?

<p>It was once classified as enterovirus type 72 but is now in a separate genus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Picornavirus type is stable at pH 3 and can infect via the oral route?

<p>Human Enterovirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Polioviruses is true?

<p>They are the only natural host for infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diseases can Parechoviruses cause?

<p>Common cold, gastroenteritis, neonatal sepsis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incubation period for poliovirus infection is typically how many days?

<p>7-14 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Picornavirus is known to cause foot and mouth disease?

<p>Aphthovirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genera of Picornaviruses is comprised of over 150 antigenic types?

<p>Rhinoviruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of poliovirus infection often goes unnoticed?

<p>Subclinical infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Coxsackieviruses?

<p>Faeco-oral or respiratory route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is primarily characterized by fever, sore throat, and vesicles in the throat and tongue in children?

<p>Herpangina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Coxsackieviruses is associated with myocarditis and pericarditis?

<p>Coxsackievirus B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period range for Coxsackievirus infection?

<p>2 to 9 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is not commonly associated with Coxsackieviruses?

<p>Chronic fatigue syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary pathogenicity in newborn suckling mice?

<p>Coxsackieviruses A causes rapid fatality without lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom can occur in Pleurodynia caused by group B Coxsackievirus?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coxsackieviruses multiply primarily in which of the following body systems?

<p>Gastrointestinal tract or oropharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of the Sabin living attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV)?

<p>It prevents intestinal infections with wild poliovirus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Sabin vaccine?

<p>It can lead to vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to a failure of the Sabin vaccine during vaccination?

<p>Loss of vaccine potency during storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of vaccine dissemination does OPV promote?

<p>Spread of immunity through faeco-oral route. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Salk vaccine recommended for immunodeficient children?

<p>It poses no risk of vaccine-associated paralysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what ages is the Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) typically administered?

<p>2, 4, and 6 months with a booster at 4-6 years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) used in the USA is correct?

<p>It is the primary vaccine used to prevent VAPP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component stabilizes the Sabin vaccine?

<p>MgCl2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Picornaviruses?

They are the smallest RNA viruses, measuring 25-30nm in diameter.

What are Human Enteroviruses (HEV)?

They are a group of picornaviruses that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach, allowing them to infect by the oral route.

What is Hepatovirus?

It is a picornavirus that causes hepatitis and was once classified as an enterovirus.

What are Rhinoviruses?

They are a group of picornaviruses that infect the respiratory system and are easily destroyed by acid.

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What are Parechoviruses?

They are picornaviruses that can cause a range of illnesses, including common cold, gastroenteritis, and neurological complications.

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What are Aphthoviruses?

They cause foot and mouth disease, primarily affecting livestock, but occasionally transmitting to humans.

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What are Polioviruses?

These picornaviruses are known for attacking the nervous system, particularly the spinal cord, causing paralysis.

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Describe the structure of Poliovirus.

It is a non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome and a characteristic icosahedral shape.

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Inapparent Poliovirus Infection

The virus multiplies in the oropharynx and intestines, excreted in stools. May stop at this stage without symptoms.

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Abortive Poliovirus Infection

Infection progresses beyond the initial stage, causing mild symptoms like fever, headache, and nausea. May stop here.

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Aseptic Meningitis (Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis)

The virus travels to the spinal cord causing stiffness and pain in the back and neck. Usually recovers but can progress to paralysis.

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Paralytic Poliomyelitis

The virus affects the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. Affects 0.1-1% of cases.

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Severe Paralytic Poliomyelitis

The virus can affect the posterior horn cells, vestibular nuclei, and motor cortex. Death can occur from respiratory paralysis.

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Poliovirus Excretion

The virus is excreted in stools for several months after infection, but there is no permanent carrier state.

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Poliovirus Immunity

Infection with one type of poliovirus provides lifelong immunity to that specific type.

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Poliovirus Detection

The virus can be isolated from stools or throat washings using tissue culture. Neutralization, immunofluorescence, or PCR are used to identify the virus.

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Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV)

A type of vaccine against poliovirus, made from inactivated virus particles. It is effective against paralytic polio but not against non-paralytic forms of infection. It is safe for immunosuppressed individuals and pregnant women.

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Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV)

A type of polio vaccine made from live, weakened polioviruses. It is given orally and provides broader protection than IPV, including against non-paralytic forms of infection.

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Herd Immunity from OPV

OPV is a live vaccine that can spread through the environment and to non-immunized individuals, helping to create 'herd immunity' in the population.

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Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP)

A rare but serious complication of OPV, where the weakened virus reverts to a virulent form, causing paralytic polio.

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Failure of Polio Vaccination

A condition resulting from a failure to develop immunity after receiving the polio vaccine. This can be due to improper storage or interference from other infections.

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Comparing OPV and IPV

OPV is generally preferred for its broader protection, but IPV is recommended for immunosuppressed individuals due to the risk of VAPP.

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Non-Paralytic Poliovirus Infection

A form of poliovirus infection that affects the intestinal system, causing symptoms like diarrhoea and vomiting, but not paralysis.

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Paralytic Poliovirus Infection

A form of poliovirus infection that affects the nervous system, causing paralysis, mainly in the legs and arms.

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What is the suspected role of Coxsackievirus B 3.4 in diabetes?

Coxsackievirus B 3.4 is suspected to be linked to the development of type 1 diabetes.

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What are the symptoms of Aseptic Meningitis caused by Coxsackieviruses?

Aseptic meningitis caused by Coxsackieviruses A and B is characterized by fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, and stiff neck or back.

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What diseases are caused by Echoviruses?

Echoviruses belong to the HEV-B species and are transmitted through the fecal-oral route. They can cause a range of illnesses including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, febrile illness, common cold, diarrhea, hepatitis, pleurodynia, myocarditis, and pericarditis.

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What illness is Enterovirus 68 known to cause?

Enterovirus 68, a member of the Human Enterovirus group, primarily causes pneumonia in children.

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What is the primary role of Rhinoviruses in human health?

Rhinoviruses are responsible for a significant portion of the common cold and can contribute to asthma exacerbations.

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What are the two main groups of Coxsackieviruses?

Classified into groups A and B based on their effects on newborn mice. Group A causes widespread myositis and paralysis, while Group B causes focal myositis and milder lesions in the CNS, heart, and pancreas.

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How are Coxsackieviruses spread?

Commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets. The virus multiplies in the digestive tract or oropharynx before spreading throughout the body.

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What are some common symptoms caused by Coxsackieviruses?

Symptoms can range from mild fever to serious complications like heart and neurological damage, and may present as distinct disease entities like herpangina, hand, foot and mouth disease, or pleurodynia.

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What is Herpangina, and what causes it?

Caused by Group A Coxsackieviruses, this infection mainly affects children and is characterized by fever, sore throat, painful sores on the tongue and throat, and stomach ache.

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What is Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis, and what causes it?

Caused by Group A Coxsackievirus type 24, this infection is characterized by a sudden onset of severe conjunctivitis leading to swelling, pain, redness, and tearing in both eyes.

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What is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, and what causes it?

Most commonly caused by Group A Coxsackieviruses, this infection mainly affects children and is characterized by blisters on the hands and feet, and ulcers in the mouth.

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What is Pleurodynia, and what causes it?

Caused by Group B Coxsackieviruses, this infection is characterized by fever and chest pain. Sometimes, stomach pain can also occur.

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What is Myocarditis/Pericarditis, and what causes it?

Caused by Group B Coxsackieviruses, this infection can be fatal in newborns, and can cause permanent heart damage and cardiomyopathy in both adults and children.

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Study Notes

Picornaviruses

  • Picornaviruses are the smallest RNA viruses, measuring 25-30nm in diameter.
  • They include several genera that cause diseases in humans.
  • Human Enteroviruses (HEV) include:
    • Polioviruses (PV1, PV2, PV3)
    • Coxsackieviruses (types A and B)
    • Echoviruses
    • Enteroviruses (types 68-116)
  • Hepatovirus is Hepatitis A virus.
  • Rhinoviruses cause the common cold.
  • Parechoviruses cause various diseases.
  • Aphthoviruses cause foot-and-mouth disease in animals.

Picornavirus Properties

  • HEV are stable at pH 3, allowing oral transmission.
  • Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A) was previously classified as an enterovirus, but is now in its own genus.
  • Rhinoviruses are acid-labile at pH 3, requiring respiratory transmission.
  • Parechoviruses (14 serotypes) cause a variety of illnesses, including common cold, neonatal sepsis, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis.
  • Aphthoviruses cause foot-and-mouth disease in animals and can be transmitted to humans via contact or ingested meat.

Human Enteroviruses (HEV)

  • HEV includes 5 species and numerous serotypes.
  • HEV-A includes Coxsackievirus A (1-12 types) and are part of HEV-C species.
  • HEV-B: Coxsackieviruses B (7 types) and echoviruses (33 types)
  • HEV-C includes Coxsackieviruses A (1-12 types)
  • Enteroviruses (types 68–116)

Polioviruses (PV)

  • Polioviruses (types 1, 2, and 3) cause poliomyelitis.
  • Poliomyelitis is a CNS infection causing flaccid paralysis in some cases.
  • Most infections are asymptomatic.
  • The virus has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome; it is an icosahedral, non-enveloped virus, 25-30nm in diameter.
  • Polioviruses infect only primates including humans and monkeys because of specific receptors on their cells.
  • Infection occurs through oral intake of contaminated food or drink.
  • The virus has a 7-14 day incubation period.
  • The infection can progress in stages: inapparent infection, abortive infection, aseptic meningitis (non-paralytic polio), and paralytic polio.
    • Inapparent infection occurs with no symptoms.
    • Abortive infection presents with mild symptoms (fever, malaise, headache).
    • Aseptic meningitis is characterized by stiffness or pain in the back and neck.
    • Paralytic poliomyelitis affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to flaccid paralysis, and has a low incidence.
  • Immunity to poliovirus is permanent after infection.
  • No permanent carrier state occurs, but virus excretion in stools can occur for several months.

Poliovirus Diagnosis

  • Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from stool or throat washings using tissue culture or PCR.
  • Antibody testing (neutralization or complement fixation tests) helps determine if a patient has a rising antibody titre.
  • Use of PCR for rapid detection of viral RNA in blood.

Poliovirus Prophylaxis

  • Active Immunization:
    • Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
    • Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
  • Passive Immunization:
    • Gamma globulins are injected to susceptible unimmunized people to prevent paralytic poliomyelitis.

Coxsackieviruses

  • Coxsackieviruses are classified into types A and B based on pathogenicity in newborn mice.
  • Coxsackieviruses A (12 types) and A are part of HEV-A, HEV-C species.
  • Coxsackieviruses B (7 types) are part of HEV-B species
  • They cause several diseases in humans.
  • Transmission is via fecal-oral or respiratory routes.
  • Coxsackieviruses replicate in the GIT or oropharynx, then spread via the bloodstream.

Echoviruses

  • Echoviruses (33 serotypes) are part of the HEV-B species.
  • They are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and cause a variety of diseases.

Rhinoviruses

  • More than 150 types are known.
  • Cause upper respiratory infections, especially common colds.
  • Responsible for about half of asthma exacerbations.
  • Grow better at 33°C (the temperature of the nasopharynx).
  • Transmitted by contact or airborne particles.

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Test your knowledge on enteroviruses and poliovirus, including their transmission methods, symptoms, and vaccinations. This quiz covers critical aspects of these viruses, focusing on their impact on children and the medical interventions used for prevention.

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