Policy Making: Types and Stages

Policy Making

• Policy involves a framework or action to achieve change
• Policy serves as a foundation for decision-making, particularly in politics, economics, or business

Types of Policies

• Substantive Policy governs community work aspects like income security and employment
• Administrative Policy focuses on procedures such as data collection
• Horizontal Policy is formulated by multiple organizations to address a situation where each can only address one aspect
• Vertical Policy develops within a single organization, starting with a broad overarching policy
• Reactive Policy addresses a concern or crisis
• Proactive Policy is pursued through deliberate choice, promoting economic wealth and well-being

Stages of Policy Process

• Agenda Setting identifies issues needing resolution
• Policy Formulation develops policy options
• Policy Adoption/Legitimization involves decision-making by authorities
• Policy Implementation puts policies into action
• Policy Assessment/Evaluation reviews effectiveness and makes adjustments

Public Policy System

• Public Policy system includes regulatory actions, measures, laws, and funding
• It involves a problem needing address, a player influencing the plan, and the finalized course of action

Types of Public Policies

• Regulatory Policy limits actions to protect the public
• Distributive Policy uses tax revenue for individual or group benefits
• Redistributive Policy shifts resources from one group to another

Policy Making in Different Contexts

• Policy making involves organizations creating, modifying, or implementing rules to achieve set objectives
• Activities occur at all levels of government, private, and non-profit sectors

United Nations Policy Making Process

• Agenda Setting identifies key issues
• Research Analysis is conducted
• Drafting and Negotiation refines policy
• Consultation and Review ensures broad agreement
• Committee and Subsidiary Body Review examines policy
• Voting and Adoption finalizes agreement
• Implementation puts policy in place
• Monitoring and Reporting tracks impact
• Review and Evaluation assesses success
• Public Engagement involves the community
• Conflict Resolution addresses disputes

Philippine Legislative Branch Policy Making

• Congress (House and Senate) follows procedure in constitution and rules
• The process occurs in the House of Representatives and the Senate
• Formulation of measures include drafting, review, debate, conference, voting, approval, publication, implementation, and oversight

Executive Branch Policy Making

• The President/Executive departments develop initiatives and programs
• This includes development, formulation, consultation, review, implementation, monitoring, and coordination with Congress

Judicial Branch

• The judiciary interprets laws and ensures justice
• Adjudication
• Interpretation of Laws & Constitution
• Checks & Balances
• Public Interest Litigation
• Legal Interpretation
• Adherence to Legal Principles
• Resolving Administrative Disputes
• Separation of Powers

Ethics and Governance

• Ethics involves conduct values and decision-making
• Governance manages public affairs
• Good governance prevents corruption and ensures accountability

Modern Good Governance

• Good Governance is a cure-all for developing countries
• Governance guides the socio-economic relationship of a country using political, economic, and administrative spheres

Ethics & Leadership

• A good leaders requires a moral-driven with ethical actions
• Leadership fosters values, embraces diversity, and motivates the community
• Integrity, transparency, credibility, opposition to corruption are essential

Good Governance Characteristics

• Minimizes corruption, includes minorities, and responds to needs
• Transparency ensures rule-following decisions
• Responsiveness addresses stakeholders in a timely fashion
• Consensus Orientation requires mediation
• Inclusiveness should seek well-being for everyone
• Accountability involves governmental, private, and civil society
• The aim is accountability to stakeholders

Principles of Good Governance

• Participation includes everyone and stakeholders
• Rule of Law is a fair legal framework
• Transparency allows accessible decision-making
• Responsiveness creates effective institutions
• Consensus Orients creates social welfare
• Ensuring inclusiveness creates opportunistic groups
• Effectiveness produces results through resource use
• Accountability empowers stakeholders

Constitutional Provisions

• Policy-making is a structured procedure that is essential to effective laws and guidelines
• Good governance hinges on principles of responsibility, transparency, and moral conduct
• Participatory governance fosters development that is both sustainable and equitable

Constitutional Provisions

• Preamble introduces the constitution, its principals and values
• Philippine Preamble promotes sovereignty, democracy, social justice, and a humane society
• "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society..."

Declaration of Principles and State Policies

• These principles underpin the Philippine state, ensuring democracy and development
• The Philippines is a democratic, republican state
• The country renounces war and aims for peace

Bill of Rights

• A list of individual rights that government must uphold
• These rights include due process, free speech, and freedom of movement

Executive Department

• Headed by the President with Vice President and Cabinet
• Qualifications include being a natural-born citizen, registered voter, able to read/write, at least 40 years old, and a resident for 10+ years
• The President serves a six-year term without reelection

Powers of the President

• They have executive, commander-in-chief, appointment, and budgetary powers

Legislative Department

• Congress includes the Senate (24 members) and House of Representatives (members from districts and party-list system)
• Senators have to be a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years old, and a resident for two years
• Representatives: must be a citizen, at least 25 years old, and a district resident for one year

Legislative Responsibilities

• These powers include enacting laws, national budget approval, war declaration, investigation, and oversights

Judicial Department

• The judicial power is held in the Supreme Court, overseeing the lower courts
• Justices must be natural-born citizens, at least 40 years old, and judges/lawyers for 15 years
• Justices remain until the age of 70 or removal

Judiciary Functions

• These include law interpretation, dispute resolution, and review of legislative/executive actions

Government Systems

• England: Constitutional Monarchy/Parliamentary Democracy
• Kuwait: Constitutional Monarchy with elected legislature
• India: Federal Parliamentary Democracy
• China: One-party Socialist Republic
• Japan: Constitutional Monarchy/Parliamentary Democracy
• Brunei: Absolute Monarchy
• North Korea: Single-party Socialist Republic
• South Korea: Presidential Democracy