Policy Making and Decision Making Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of knowledge needed for policy making?

Analytical, Operational, Political

What are the four types of uncertainty, described in the cards?

  • Uncertain unknowns
  • Uncertain knowns
  • Unknown knows (correct)
  • Known knows (correct)
  • Unknown unknowns (correct)
  • Known unknows (correct)

    • Which of the following are common decision-making failures?

  • Overconfidence
  • Hesitation/paralysis (correct)
  • Lack of expertise
  • Short termism (correct)
  • Cognitive bias (correct)

    • What is network governance?

    <p>Horizontal cooperation of interdependent actors who collaborate for a public purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two forms of network governance?

    <p>Formal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is multi-level governance?

    <p>Network governance on multiple levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of multi-level governance?

    <p>Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is loss of territorial synchrony?

    <p>Problems that are interconnected and interdependent, requiring collaboration on multiple levels. This leads to a lack of control and increased complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is agenda setting?

    <p>The government's process of deciding which issues deserve attention and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of agendas?

    <p>Decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are types of policy windows?

    <p>Spillover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bottom-up agenda setting?

    <p>Emphasizes the role of local actors and decentralized processes to identify and advance issues to the agenda. It is characterized by social mobilization and media-driven framing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are characteristics of top-down agenda setting?

    <p>Party driven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between bottom-up and top-down agenda setting?

    <p>Bottom-up is decentralized, while top-down is centralized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases of agenda setting?

    <p>Agenda entrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of issue articulation?

    <p>Inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are global policy networks?

    <p>Groups that work together to address global issues, aiming to influence political debate and get issues on the global agenda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can actors influence the agenda?

    <p>Framing strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gatekeepers?

    <p>Actors or groups who control the flow of information, influencing which issues get prioritized and debated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of understanding the problem?

    <p>Responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is labelling, in the context of understanding the problem?

    <p>Connecting a problem to another one to make it easier to place on the agenda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of social construction of the target population?

    <p>Negative social construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsibility, in the context of understanding the problem?

    <p>Disagreement and debate about who should be responsible for solving the problem, with different actors competing for power and influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is policy formation?

    <p>The process of designing policies to tackle issues identified in agenda setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps in the policy cycle?

    <p>Specify problem source; Generate options; Set objectives; Build support; and Screen and consolidate options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of knowledge used to understand the problem?

    <p>First order of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four design capabilities?

    <p>Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of policy design instruments?

    <p>Substantive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of substantive instruments?

    <p>Effecting instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of procedural instruments?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases of policy formulation?

    <p>Generating policy options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the policy advisory system?

    <p>The political community, including both state and non-state actors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When setting objectives, what are the two ways to analyze each option?

    <p>Incremental alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between design and non-design?

    <p>Design is systematic and planned, while non-design is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of policy design tools?

    <p>Procedural tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the non-ideal design strategies?

    <p>Stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are models of public participation?

    <p>Participatory democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the levels of participation?

    <p>Citizen power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of tokenism?

    <p>Two-way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of uncertainty mentioned in the content?

    <p>Known knows, Known unknowns, Unknown unknowns, Unknown knows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three common decision-making failures mentioned in the content?

    <p>Hesitation/paralysis, Cognitive bias, Short termism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of network governance?

    <p>Horizontal cooperation of interdependent actors who collaborate for a public purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are two forms (structures) of network governance?

    <p>Formal, Informal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of multi-level governance?

    <p>Network governance on a multiple levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types (scopes) of multi-level governance?

    <p>Type 1 (Non-intersecting) and Type 2 (Overlapping)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of loss of territorial synchrony?

    <p>Problems are interconnected and interdependent on collaboration on multiple levels, leading to a lack of control and complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of agenda setting?

    <p>When the government decides which issues deserve attention and resources, leading to fierce competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of agendas discussed in the content?

    <p>Systematic, Institutional, Decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of policy windows?

    <p>Routinized window, discretionary window, random window, spill-over window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two characteristics of bottom-up agenda setting?

    <p>Social mobilization and media driven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristics of top-down agenda setting?

    <p>Party driven, state driven, silent action, internationally driven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bottom-up agenda setting is centralized, while top-down agenda setting is decentralized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of global policy networks?

    <p>A group that works together to address global issues, with the goal of influencing the political debate and getting these issues on the agenda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three ways to influence the agenda?

    <p>Information, framing strategies, preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gatekeepers in the context of agenda setting?

    <p>Actors/groups who control the flow of information and influence which issues get prioritized and debated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of labeling in the context of agenda setting?

    <p>Easier to place a problem on the agenda if it is connected to another one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of social construction of the target population in victim identification?

    <p>Positive social construction, negative social construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of responsibility in the context of agenda setting?

    <p>Disagreement and debate that arises about the responsibility of solving the problem. Different actors compete for power and influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of policy formation?

    <p>Policy design, generating possible options to tackle issues stated in the agenda setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five stages of the policy cycle?

    <p>Specify problem source, generate options, set objectives, build support, screen and consolidate options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two types of knowledge to understand the problem in policy formation?

    <p>First order of knowledge, second order of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of policy advisory system?

    <p>Political community both non and state actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two ways to analyze each option in setting objectives?

    <p>Incremental alternatives, Non incremental alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Design refers to systematic policy development, while non-design refers to unplanned policy development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two policy design tools?

    <p>Substantive tools, Procedural tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are non-ideal design strategies?

    <p>Patching, Drift, Stretching, Layering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three models of public participation discussed in the content?

    <p>Deliberate democracy, Participatory democracy, Digital democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three levels of participation?

    <p>Non participation, Tokenism, Citizen power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of tokenism, also known as window dressing?

    <p>One way, Consultative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Policy Making Knowledge

    • Policy making requires three types of knowledge: analytical (what), operational (how), and political (who).
    • Knowledge needed for policy making includes analytical (what), operational (how), and political (who).

    Uncertainty Types

    • Known knows: Things we are certain we know.
    • Known unknowns: Things we know we don't know.
    • Unknown unknowns: Things we don't realize we don't know.
    • Unknown knows: Things we don't know, but don't realize we don't know.

    Decision Making Failures

    • Hesitation/paralysis: Delaying or avoiding decisions.
    • Cognitive bias: Systematic errors in thinking.
    • Short termism: Focusing on immediate outcomes at the expense of long-term considerations.

    Network Governance

    • Horizontal cooperation among interdependent actors for a common purpose.

    Network Governance Structures

    • Formal: Established through formal agreements between organizations.
    • Informal: Based on unofficial agreements among individuals or organizations sharing interests. Less structured than formal networks.

    Multi-Level Governance

    • Coordination of actions across different levels of government or organization.

    Multi-Level Governance Types

    • Type 1 (Russian Doll): Multi-level arrangements, non-intersecting and hierarchical. Examples include supranational policies by the EU.
    • Type 2: Functionally specific policy regimes with overlapping jurisdictions. Examples include transboundary governance.

    Loss of Territorial Synchrony

    • Issues are interconnected, requiring collaboration across multiple levels.
    • Lack of control and increased complexity arise from interdependencies.

    Agenda Setting

    • Government prioritizing issues and allocating resources.
    • Fierce competition among different issues occurs.

    Policy Agendas

    • Systematic agenda: All potential policy options.
    • Institutional agenda: Issues currently considered by institutions.
    • Decision agenda: Issues slated for government action.

    Policy Windows

    • Routinized window: Recurring events (e.g., budget cycles, elections).
    • Discretionary window: Decision-maker preferences.
    • Random window: Crises, protests, etc.
    • Spillover window: Issues transferred from other sectors or fields.

    Agenda Setting Approaches

    • Bottom-up: Emphasizes local actors and decentralized processes to bring issues to the agenda.
      • Social Mobilization: Pressure from collective actors.
      • Media Driven: Framing and highlighting issues through media.
    • Top-down: Agenda setting by elites, political leaders, and centralized processes, often relying on experts.
      • Party Driven
      • State Driven
      • Silent Actions
      • Internationally Driven.

    Agenda Setting Phases

    • Issue initiation
    • Issue articulation
    • Issue expansion
    • Agenda entrance

    Issue Articulation Types

    • Inside: Originating from within government.
    • Outside: Originating from individuals, groups, or organizations outside government.

    Global Policy Networks

    • Groups working together to address global issues.
    • Aim to influence political discussions and put issues on agendas.

    Agenda Influence Methods

    • Information: Creating new information, making it accessible, and framing issues.
    • Framing strategies: Changing how people perceive issues.
    • Preferences: Connecting issues to values, interests, and political contexts.

    Gatekeepers

    • Actors/groups controlling information flow that influence issue prioritization and debate.

    Problem Understanding Stages

    • Labeling
    • Victim identification
    • Responsibility
    • Dramatizing the situation
    • Action

    Coupling in Labeling

    • Linking a problem to an existing one on the agenda for easier consideration.

    Victim Identification in Social Construction

    • Positive social construction: Presenting the target population as more deserving or advantaged.
    • Negative social construction: Presenting the target population as undeserving or disadvantaged.

    Responsibility Contesting

    • Disputes and debates about who is responsible for solving a specific problem.
    • Actors compete for influence and power.

    Policy Formulation

    • Designing policies to address issues on the agenda.

    Policy Cycle

    • Problem identification (specify problem source)
    • Option generation
    • Objective setting
    • Support building
    • Option screening and consolidation

    Knowledge Types for Problem Understanding

    • First-order knowledge: Raw data.
    • Second-order knowledge: Raw data plus policy analysis.

    Design Capabilities

    • Nodality: Knowledge.
    • Authority: Legitimacy.
    • Treasure: Resources.
    • Organization: Structure and coordination.

    Policy Design Instruments

    • Substantive: What to implement.
    • Procedural: How to implement.

    Substantive Instruments

    • Effecting: Policies that directly change things.
    • Detecting: Gathering data to direct change.

    Procedural Instruments

    • Positive: Encouraging/promoting (nudging).
    • Negative: Discouraging.

    Policy Formulation Phases

    • Policy advisory system
    • Problem source specification
    • Policy option generation
    • Objective setting
    • Option screening/consolidation
    • Support building/consultation

    Policy Advisory System

    • Political community actors that aren't state-based

    Policy Objective Setting Analysis

    • Incremental alternatives
    • Non-incremental alternatives

    Design Types

    • Design (systematic)
    • Non-design (non-planned)

    Policy Design Tools

    • Substantive: Direct effect.
    • Procedural: Indirect effect.

    Non-Ideal Design Strategies

    • Patching: Temporary solutions.
    • Drift: Maintaining outdated rules.
    • Stretching: Adapting policies for unintended purposes.
    • Layering: Adding policies without considering existing ones.

    Public Participation Models

    • Deliberate democracy: Dialogue.
    • Participatory democracy: Active collaboration.
    • Digital democracy: Using media for engagement.

    Participation Levels

    • Non-participation
    • Tokenism
    • Citizen Power

    Tokenism/Window Dressing

    • One-way: Informing only.
    • Two-way: Consultation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental aspects of policy making, including types of knowledge needed and common decision-making pitfalls. Explore the concepts of uncertainty in decision making and the structures of network governance. This quiz is essential for understanding how effective policy can be shaped.

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