Policy Making and Governance Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What are the three elements of knowledge needed for policy making?

Analytical, Operational, Political

Which of the following is NOT a type of uncertainty as described in the content?

  • Known knows
  • Unknown knows
  • Uncertain knows (correct)
  • Unknown unknowns
  • Known unknowns

    • What is the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 multi-level governance?

  • Type 1 is more common in developing countries, while Type 2 is more common in developed countries
  • Type 1 focuses on regional issues, while Type 2 focuses on global issues
  • Type 1 involves more actors, while Type 2 involves fewer actors
  • Type 1 is more hierarchical, while Type 2 is more overlapping (correct)

    • Loss of territorial synchrony occurs when problems are independent of each other and can be solved individually.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of agenda?

    <p>Private</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a policy window?

    <p>A period of opportunity for a policy issue to gain attention and be addressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a bottom-up agenda?

    <p>Social mobilization and pressure from collective actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phases of agenda setting progress in a linear order, with each phase completing before the next one begins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can influence the agenda?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gatekeepers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stage of understanding the problem?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coupling in the context of labeling?

    <p>Combining different policy solutions to address a complex problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive social construction of a target population?

    <p>Portraying the group as deserving of assistance and having positive attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contestation in the responsibility phase is a sign of consensus and agreement on who is accountable for the problem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of a Global Policy Network?

    <p>To influence the political debate on global issues and help get them on the agenda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Policy Making Knowledge

    • Policymaking requires knowledge in three areas: analytical (what), operational (how), and political (who).

    Uncertainty in Policymaking

    • Four types of uncertainty:
      • Known knows: Certainties.
      • Known unknowns: Known gaps in knowledge.
      • Unknown unknowns: Unrecognized gaps in knowledge.
      • Unknown knows: Unrecognized knowledge gaps, but the knowledge exists.

    Decision-Making Failures

    • Common failures in decision-making:
      • Hesitation/paralysis
      • Cognitive biases
      • Short-termism

    Network Governance

    • Horizontal cooperation between interdependent actors for a public goal.

    Forms of Network Governance

    • Formal: Formal agreements between organizations.
    • Informal: Unofficial agreements between individuals or organizations with shared interests.

    Multi-Level Governance

    • Network governance on multiple levels.

    Types of Multi-Level Governance

    • Type 1 (Russian Doll): Non-intersecting, hierarchical, e.g., EU supra-national policies.
    • Type 2: Functionally specific, overlapping jurisdictions, e.g., transboundary governance.

    Loss of Territorial Synchrony

    • Interconnected problems require multiple-level collaboration, leading to a lack of control and complexity.

    Agenda Setting

    • Government prioritization of issues and resource allocation; strong competition exists.

    Types of Agendas

    • Systematic: All potential issues.
    • Institutional: Issues currently considered by an institution.
    • Decision agenda: Issues ready for government action.

    Policy Windows

    • Opportunities for policy change:
      • Routinized: Budget cycles, elections.
      • Discretionary: Decision-maker preferences.
      • Random: Crises, protests.
      • Spillover: Issues from other sectors.

    Bottom-Up Approach

    • Emphasis on local actors and decentralized processes to raise issues.
      • Social mobilization: Collective actor pressure.
      • Media-driven: Framing and issue prioritization.

    Top-Down Approach

    • Agenda setting by elites, political leaders and centralized processes, relying on leadership and experts.
      • Party driven
      • State driven
      • Silent action
      • Internationally driven

    Bottom-Up vs Top-Down

    • Decentralized versus centralized agenda-setting.

    Phases of Agenda Setting

    • Issue initiation
    • Issue articulation
    • Issue expansion
    • Agenda entrance

    Issue Articulation

    • Inside: From within government.
    • Outside: From individuals, groups, or organizations.

    Global Policy Networks

    • Groups addressing global issues, influencing policy debates.

    Influencing Agendas

    • Information strategies: Create new information, make existing info accessible.
    • Framing: Change public perception of the issue.
    • Preferences: Connecting issue to values, interests.

    Gatekeepers

    • Actors/groups controlling information flow, prioritizing issues.

    Understanding Problem Stages

    • Labeling
    • Victim identification
    • Responsibility
    • Dramatizing
    • Action

    Labeling Coupling

    • Easier to place problem on agenda when connected to another.

    Victim Identification (Social Construction)

    • Positive: More deserving.
    • Negative: Less deserving.

    Responsibility Contestions

    • Debates over responsibility for solving a problem, leading to competition for power.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in policymaking, including analytical, operational, and political knowledge. It explores types of uncertainty, decision-making failures, and forms of network governance. Test your understanding of multi-level governance and its implications for public policy.

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