Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a significant reason for the higher likelihood of black and Asian people being stopped and searched compared to white people?
What is a significant reason for the higher likelihood of black and Asian people being stopped and searched compared to white people?
What does the concept of 'direct discrimination' refer to in the context of racial disparity in policing?
What does the concept of 'direct discrimination' refer to in the context of racial disparity in policing?
Which of the following is NOT a critique of the notion of Institutional Discrimination?
Which of the following is NOT a critique of the notion of Institutional Discrimination?
How can 'indirect discrimination' impact policing practices?
How can 'indirect discrimination' impact policing practices?
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Which factor is mentioned as influencing police deployment decisions that may lead to racial disparity?
Which factor is mentioned as influencing police deployment decisions that may lead to racial disparity?
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What term is used to describe the observed disconnect between stated prejudice and actual behavior in policing?
What term is used to describe the observed disconnect between stated prejudice and actual behavior in policing?
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What does the evidence suggest about the relationship between racial prejudice and policing practices?
What does the evidence suggest about the relationship between racial prejudice and policing practices?
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What has been suggested as a contributor to disproportionate involvement in crime among certain ethnic groups?
What has been suggested as a contributor to disproportionate involvement in crime among certain ethnic groups?
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What is the dependent variable in the study of domestic violence perpetrator behavior?
What is the dependent variable in the study of domestic violence perpetrator behavior?
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Which type of group includes scenarios where officers made an arrest or separated the parties?
Which type of group includes scenarios where officers made an arrest or separated the parties?
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What aspect has shown to exert the most influence on an officer's decision to arrest in domestic violence incidents?
What aspect has shown to exert the most influence on an officer's decision to arrest in domestic violence incidents?
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What main critique was raised regarding the DASH risk identification tool?
What main critique was raised regarding the DASH risk identification tool?
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What is a limitation commonly associated with social science research as indicated by the Pseudo R² statistic?
What is a limitation commonly associated with social science research as indicated by the Pseudo R² statistic?
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What factor was notably excluded from the multivariate models concerning arrest decisions in domestic violence incidents?
What factor was notably excluded from the multivariate models concerning arrest decisions in domestic violence incidents?
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Which aspect of policing is central to understanding the patterns of police behavior?
Which aspect of policing is central to understanding the patterns of police behavior?
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In evaluating the effectiveness of policing strategies, what critical approach has been emphasized?
In evaluating the effectiveness of policing strategies, what critical approach has been emphasized?
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What is one of the key benefits of arrest in cases of domestic violence?
What is one of the key benefits of arrest in cases of domestic violence?
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Which of the following levels is NOT part of the ecological model addressing domestic violence?
Which of the following levels is NOT part of the ecological model addressing domestic violence?
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According to victim perspectives, what primarily determines victim satisfaction with police?
According to victim perspectives, what primarily determines victim satisfaction with police?
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What message does an arrest send to the perpetrator in a domestic violence situation?
What message does an arrest send to the perpetrator in a domestic violence situation?
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What does the concept of positive/zero/negative disconfirmation refer to?
What does the concept of positive/zero/negative disconfirmation refer to?
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What is one key reason for the limitations of a 'one-size-fits-all' approach in addressing domestic violence?
What is one key reason for the limitations of a 'one-size-fits-all' approach in addressing domestic violence?
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What is an important aspect of police behaviour that affects victim satisfaction?
What is an important aspect of police behaviour that affects victim satisfaction?
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What positive outcome can result from an arrest in terms of future offending?
What positive outcome can result from an arrest in terms of future offending?
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What does police discretion primarily allow officers to do?
What does police discretion primarily allow officers to do?
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What is one reason police officers must use discretion in their roles?
What is one reason police officers must use discretion in their roles?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing police discretion?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing police discretion?
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What role does the immediate environment play in police discretion?
What role does the immediate environment play in police discretion?
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Which of the following is considered a situational feature that may affect police discretion?
Which of the following is considered a situational feature that may affect police discretion?
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Which statement about the nature of discretion in policing is accurate?
Which statement about the nature of discretion in policing is accurate?
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How does the vagueness of criminal law impact police discretion?
How does the vagueness of criminal law impact police discretion?
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Why might a police officer decide not to follow a strict procedure in an incident?
Why might a police officer decide not to follow a strict procedure in an incident?
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What does the 'threshold score' in facial recognition systems indicate?
What does the 'threshold score' in facial recognition systems indicate?
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Which of the following factors affects the performance of a facial recognition system?
Which of the following factors affects the performance of a facial recognition system?
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What human factor is essential in assisted facial recognition systems?
What human factor is essential in assisted facial recognition systems?
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In the 2017 Champions League incident, what was a significant outcome noted?
In the 2017 Champions League incident, what was a significant outcome noted?
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What was one of the measures taken after the 2017 Champions League incident?
What was one of the measures taken after the 2017 Champions League incident?
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Which statement about operator involvement in facial recognition systems is correct?
Which statement about operator involvement in facial recognition systems is correct?
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What major challenge did the facial recognition system face during the Cardiff event?
What major challenge did the facial recognition system face during the Cardiff event?
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Which of the following is a technical aspect that affects the facial recognition system?
Which of the following is a technical aspect that affects the facial recognition system?
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How does police discretion affect the formulation of watchlists in law enforcement?
How does police discretion affect the formulation of watchlists in law enforcement?
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What is a significant drawback of bureaucratic suspicion in policing?
What is a significant drawback of bureaucratic suspicion in policing?
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Which type of decision-making is more likely to lead to discrimination in policing?
Which type of decision-making is more likely to lead to discrimination in policing?
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In what way does technology influence police discretion?
In what way does technology influence police discretion?
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What characteristic of demographic factors contributes to potential discrimination in policing?
What characteristic of demographic factors contributes to potential discrimination in policing?
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Which statement best reflects the relationship between LFR and RFR technology in policing?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between LFR and RFR technology in policing?
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Under what conditions is indirect discrimination likely to occur in policing?
Under what conditions is indirect discrimination likely to occur in policing?
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What is a critical aspect of 'reformulated discretion' in police practices?
What is a critical aspect of 'reformulated discretion' in police practices?
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Study Notes
Police Discretion
- Police discretion is the unwritten rule that officers can be selective in their duties, as long as they stay within departmental guidelines.
- Discretion is used in various situations because there's no guidebook for every specific incident.
- Factors influencing discretion include:
- Criminal law complexities: vague definitions and conflicting explanations can make applications difficult.
- Police environment: limited supervision in private encounters.
- Limited resources: myth of full enforcement, investigations, etc.
- Situational features: seriousness, evidence, victim preference and relationship, victim characteristics, suspect demeanor, volume and aggression.
Situational Features of Incidents
- Factors in determining an incident's characteristics:
- Seriousness of the crime.
- Quality of evidence.
- Victim's preferences.
- Relationships between suspect and victim.
- Victim characteristics (e.g., reputation, conduct).
- Suspect demeanour and condition.
- Volume and aggression.
Immediate Work Environment
- Location, time and force characteristics.
- Officer characteristics (e.g., race, gender, education)
Police Discretion: A Defining Characteristic
- Police discretion is the defining characteristic of police work
- It's concentrated in lower ranks of police organizations.
- Discretion is necessary and full enforcement is unattainable in many police-citizen encounters.
CJS and Discretion
- CJS lacks resources and time for full enforcement.
- People involved may not wish to press charges or police may use discretion in non-compulsory situations.
Research in Policing
- University academics, students, national/local governments, police services, and research institutes conduct policing-related research.
Evaluating Police Practices via EBP
- Lawrence Sherman established the Cambridge Centre for EBP.
- Three R (Triple T): Targeting, Testing, and Tracking.
Policing Domestic Violence
- Police response varies in different jurisdictions and cultures.
- Police response is affected by the seriousness of the violence or crime.
Over-Policing
- There is an under-representation of ethnic minorities in policing and as victims.
- Over-policing of ethnic minorities exists as suspects.
- Stop and search, arrests, and use of force are disproportionately higher for ethnic minorities.
Policing Organizational Culture
- Police often follow rational-legal views—hierarchical force impartially enforcing laws (until 1970s).
- Increasingly, policing is viewed through a sociology lens, focusing on the ‘law in action’ rather than solely on the ‘law in books.
- Police work often has wide discretion, limited resources and vague laws.
- Early policing research moved away from rational-legal explanations, focusing on occupational culture.
- Police officers have a distinctive outlook on the world, stemming from their beliefs, values, and informal rules.
Limitations of Policing Research
- Ethical challenges include informed consent and time commitment.
- "Hawthorne effect" when participants know they are being observed.
- Researcher biases; going native, affecting objectivity.
- Representativeness in samples is difficult.
- Replicability of studies.
Qualitative Interviews
- Enables in-depth examination of police experiences, including values/perspectives, experiences, and practices.
Quantitative Surveys
- Standardized measures allow for statistical testing and generalization from representative samples to wider populations.
Policing Culture
- Factors affecting policing culture include:
- Sense of mission.
- Cynicism and pessimism.
- Suspicion and isolation.
- Solidarity and machismo.
- Prejudice and conservatism.
- Selection and socialisation hypotheses on police culture.
- Standard responses for reforming policing culture and practice include recruitment, training and the ‘micro’ and ‘macro level’ approaches.
Zero Tolerance Policing
- Introduced in the 1970s/80s and associated with ‘restorative justice’.
- ‘Broken Windows’ theory: disorder/incivilities lead to higher crime rates.
- Critique: may not have a causal connection, focuses on disorder but does not solve the root problem of inequality.
- May involve clampdowns on visible disorder and petty crime, which often disproportionately affect minority communities.
Impact of Police Practices
- Changing crime rates, especially homicide and property crimes, as a result of police responses (and often other factors).
Symbolic Use of Zero Tolerance
- Zero Tolerance terminology, particularly associated with recent politicians (e.g., Tony Blair).
- Policing focused on 'disorder' and 'incivilities'.
- Influence on related legislation, such as antisocial behaviour orders.
- Academic debate continues on the effectiveness and impact of these practices.
- Benefits and limitations: symbolic value and crime reduction, police corruption.
Police Operational Characteristics
- Modern policing, as with other areas, is often subjected to financial pressures (e.g., budgetary constraints).
- Police roles often shift due to changing technology (e.g., facial recognition, body-worn cameras, etc.).
Policing Technology
- Facial recognition technology has become increasingly important and contentious in policing.
- Deployment factors include: organizational (policing routines, policies), and technical (algorithms, software, hardware).
- Consequences and ethical considerations include: increased biases and disproportionality, algorithmic bias, lack of transparency and equitable treatment.
Policing Practices and Community Relationships
- Community policing and public relationships are often neglected due to police culture and organisational issues.
- Policing strategies that support and foster positive relationships with local communities are more effective.
Domestic Violence Policing
- Historical police response in domestic violence cases was often non-interventionist.
- Modern policies encourage proactive intervention, arresting perpetrators, and supporting victims.
- National and international policing policies emphasize and are shaped by legal requirements, procedural justice, human rights and community-based approaches.
- Modern policies have been influenced by advocacy (media, court cases, and criminological research).
Evaluating Police Practices (the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment)
- Arresting suspects in domestic violence cases may not deter future violence.
- Some research shows that simply intervening in domestic abuse, through better training for police, can improve community relations and reduce repeat offences.
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Description
Explore the concept of police discretion and the various situational factors that influence how officers respond to incidents. This quiz delves into the complexities of criminal law, police environment, and the impact of victim and suspect characteristics on decision-making. Test your understanding of these crucial aspects of law enforcement.
