Platelet disorders+miscellaneous Uworld key factss

Question 1: What is the primary function of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

Question 2: In vWF deficiency, which laboratory test measures vWF-dependent platelet agglutination?

Question 3: How does the ristocetin cofactor assay work in diagnosing vWF deficiency?

Question 5: Which bleeding disorder is characterized by thrombocytopenia, enlarged platelets, and mucocutaneous bleeding due to a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib) receptors?

Question 6: How does Glanzmann thrombasthenia differ from Bernard-Soulier syndrome in terms of platelet agglutination response to ristocetin?

Question 7: What is the primary function of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

Question 7: Which bleeding disorder is characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding, normal platelet agglutination response to ristocetin, and deficiency of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors.

Question 8: What is the role of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in relation to factor VIII.

Question 9: Which treatment can be used for menorrhagia in patients with vWF deficiency.

Question 10: What is the primary effect of thromboxane A2 deficiency due to aspirin treatment.

Question 11: In congenital deficiency of factor XII (Hageman), what is the characteristic laboratory finding.

Question 13: What is the primary function of ristocetin in the ristocetin cofactor assay.

Question 14: Which component is responsible for platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen after endothelial damage.

Question 15: Which statement accurately describes the role of vWF in platelet adhesion.

Question 1: What is the primary reason for impaired generation of new blood cells in response to acute stressors such as blood loss or hypoxia in older individuals?

Question 2: Which of the following changes in the bone marrow composition is typically observed in older patients?

Question 3: In comparison to younger patients, how does the bone marrow of older patients generally respond to stimulatory cytokines?

Question 4: What is the significance of increased bone marrow fat in older individuals?

Question 5: Which factor limits the capacity of older individuals to rapidly generate new blood cells?

Question 8: What is the primary cause of increased medullary cavity size in patients with advanced age?

Question 9: Which condition is characterized by anemia, extramedullary hematopoiesis (hepatosplenomegaly), and bone marrow fibrosis?

Question 10: In older individuals, what is the consequence of having a reduced overall bone marrow mass?

Question 11: What is the primary cause of increased medullary cavity size in patients with advanced age?

Which cytokine stimulates the liver to increase production of thrombopoietin in infections?

What term is used to describe the subsequent increase in serum platelet count in response to elevated thrombopoietin levels during infections?

Which condition is most likely to cause elevated platelet count due to the release of inflammatory cytokines?

What is the role of hepcidin in the context of elevated inflammatory cytokine levels?

Which term is used to describe the anemia characterized by reduced iron availability for reticulocytosis due to inflammatory cytokine-induced hepcidin release?

Question 7: What is the primary cause of reactive thrombocytosis in the setting of infections?

Question 8: Which condition leads to increased erythrocytosis?

Question 9: Which of the following terms describes a state of elevated platelet count due to ongoing infection or inflammation?

Question 10: What is the most common cause of elevated platelet count in various age groups?

Question 11: What is the primary cause of essential thrombocythemia?

Question 1: What is the likely cause of exertional dyspnea, fatigue, conjunctival pallor, macrocytosis, and hypersegmented neutrophils?

Question 2: Which vitamin acts as a cofactor in the recycling of 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate?

Question 3: Why are hematopoietic cells primarily affected in megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency?

Question 4: What is the primary impact of folate or vitamin B12 deficiency on DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression?

Question 5: What term describes the condition in which nuclear division slows relative to cytoplasmic maturation?

Question 6: Which of the following complications is more likely to be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency rather than folate deficiency?

Question 7: What term is used to describe the condition marked by the destruction of hematopoietic stem cells and replacement of bone marrow with fat cells?

Question 8: What would be a distinguishing feature on peripheral blood smear in megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency?

Question 9: Which laboratory finding is characteristic of chronic kidney disease, rather than megaloblastic anemia?

Question 10: What condition typically causes traumatic hemolysis due to red blood cell shearing, resulting in schistocytes on peripheral blood smear?

Which one of these is the major form of hemoglobin in adults?

Which protein is primarily responsible for oxygen storage in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue?

What shape is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve for myoglobin?

Question 7: What is the main difference between the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve of hemoglobin A and that of individual hemoglobin subunits?

Question 8: Which factor would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right.

Question 9: A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicates:

Question 10: Which one of these is the most correct?

Question 11: Which one of these is the most correct about hemoglobin and myoglobin?

Which enzyme is primarily inhibited by aspirin when administered in low doses, resulting in a sustained decrease in thromboxane A2 production and subsequent antithrombotic effects?

What is the mechanism by which aspirin achieves its prolonged antithrombotic effect when administered in low doses?

What is the main product of COX-2 enzyme activity, which is inducibly expressed and contributes to fever, inflammation, and pain sensitivity?

Aspirin inhibits COX-1 by:

Why is aspirin unique compared to other NSAIDs in terms of its effect on platelet function?

Which of the following is a primary effect of aspirin's inhibition of COX-2?

What is the primary reason for aspirin's antithrombotic effect to persist even after the drug is discontinued?

Why is it recommended to discontinue aspirin at least 5 days prior to surgery?

Which enzyme is gets irreversible acetylation by aspirin?

Why can other NSAIDs be discontinued immediately before surgery, unlike aspirin?

Which of the following is the role of the flanking sequences adjacent to the target region in PCR?

Which step of PCR involves thermal separation of the DNA template into single strands?

What is the purpose of the annealing step in PCR?

Which enzyme is responsible for forming new daughter DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction during the elongation step of PCR?

What is the primary goal of PCR?

Which technique is commonly used to separate DNA fragments based on size?

Which enzyme is responsible for the subsequent catabolism of 2,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate in erythrocytes?

What effect does higher 2,3-BPG levels have on oxygen delivery to the tissues by hemoglobin?

How does the conversion of 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG affect the net ATP gain in erythrocytes?

What is the primary function of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

Which enzyme is primarily inhibited by aspirin when administered in low doses, resulting in a sustained decrease in thromboxane A2 production and subsequent antithrombotic effects?

Which of the following is the likely consequence of a β-globin mutation that decreases the positive charge of the 2,3-BPG binding pocket in hemoglobin?

What is the primary function of 2,3-BPG in relation to hemoglobin?

How does fetal hemoglobin (HbF) differ from adult hemoglobin A in terms of its binding affinity to 2,3-BPG?

What is the role of the γ chains in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in terms of 2,3-BPG binding?

Question 7: What effect does a decrease in positive charge within the 2,3-BPG binding pocket of hemoglobin have on its interaction with 2,3-BPG?

Question 8: Which type of mutation in the β-globin chain leads to the formation of hemoglobin C?

Question 9: How does hemoglobin C affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and 2,3-BPG?

Question 10: What characteristic of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is responsible for its higher oxygen affinity compared to adult hemoglobin A?

Question 11: What effect does a decrease in positive charge within the 2,3-BPG binding pocket of hemoglobin have on its interaction with 2,3-BPG?

Question 8: What is the primary role of ADAMTS13 deficiency in the development of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

Question 9: Which statement accurately describes the diagnostic criteria of TTP?

Which epidermal growth factor receptor is commonly overexpressed by aggressive breast cancers and targeted by monoclonal antibodies like trastuzumab?

What is the primary mechanism of tumor regression seen with monoclonal antibody treatment targeting HER2 in breast cancer?

Which step of ADCC involves the release of granules containing perforin and granzymes by natural killer (NK) cells?

What is the role of CD16 in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

What is the primary reason natural killer (NK) cells are considered part of the innate immune system?

What distinguishes natural killer (NK) cells from cytotoxic T-cells in their recognition of tumor cells?

Which one of these is the most correct about hemoglobin and myoglobin?

Which enzyme is responsible for forming new daughter DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction during the elongation step of PCR?

What is the main product of COX-2 enzyme activity, which is inducibly expressed and contributes to fever, inflammation, and pain sensitivity?

Question 1: In which cellular organelles does the first and the final 3 steps of heme synthesis occur?

Question 2: What is the primary site of heme synthesis in the body?

Question 3: What is the lifespan of mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) in circulation?

Question 4: Which type of cells principally synthesize heme in the bone marrow?

Question 5: What is the fate of erythrocyte precursor cells as they mature into mature red blood cells?

Question 6: What is the significance of erythrocytes losing their mitochondria during maturation?

Question 7: Which cellular organelles typically disappear during erythrocyte development?

Question 10: What is the primary reason for impaired generation of new blood cells in response to acute stressors such as blood loss or hypoxia in older individuals?