Questions and Answers
What occurs at a convergent plate boundary where one plate moves underneath another?
Which of the following best describes mantle convection?
Which feature is formed as a result of oceanic-oceanic convergence?
What geological feature is created when two continental plates converge?
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What is the primary cause of tsunamis?
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Which of the following statements about subduction is correct?
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What term describes the vertical space formed as tectonic plates pull away from each other?
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What is a characteristic feature of oceanic plates compared to continental plates?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes oceanic crust from continental crust?
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Which type of wave is the fastest seismic wave and can travel through all states of matter?
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What is measured by the seismogram?
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How does the focus of an earthquake differ from the epicenter?
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Which of the following best describes the Pacific Ring of Fire?
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Which type of seismic wave exhibits a horizontal motion that is transverse to the direction of wave travel?
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What does the term 'magnitude' refer to in the context of earthquakes?
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The Triangulation Method is primarily used for what purpose?
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Study Notes
Primary and Secondary Plates
- Major tectonic plates include the Pacific, North America, Eurasia, Africa, Indo-Australian, Antarctica, and South America.
- Secondary plates consist of the Caribbean, Cocos, Juan de Fuca, Nazca, Philippine Sea, and Scotia.
Types of Plates
- Oceanic plates are located beneath oceans, while continental plates are found beneath continents.
Plate Boundaries
- Convergent boundaries involve colliding plates, leading to subduction zones or orogenic belts.
- Divergent boundaries occur where plates separate, primarily under oceans.
- Transform boundaries consist of sliding plates against each other.
Rift Valley Formation
- Rift valleys form when tectonic plates pull apart, creating vertical fissures extending deeply into the crust.
Mantle Convection and Oceanic Ridges
- Mantle convection involves slow movement of the solid mantle due to heat, forming oceanic ridges where materials accumulate.
Seafloor Spreading
- Occurs at divergent boundaries, filling spaces between plates with new oceanic crust, contributing to ocean floor expansion.
Convergent Plate Interactions
- Convergent boundaries can create subduction zones where one plate sinks beneath another, leading to geological features such as orogenic belts or trenches.
- Orogenic belts are regions of intensely deformed rock due to plate collision.
Tsunamis and Earthquake Activity
- Trenches, formed at convergent boundaries, can produce powerful tsunamis and significant earthquake activity.
- Oceanic-oceanic convergence can lead to the creation of volcanic island arcs.
Mantle Plume and Volcanic Formation
- Mantle plumes are columns of rising magma that can result in the formation of volcanic arcs at converging crustal boundaries.
Collision Zones
- When two continental plates converge, they do not typically form volcanoes; instead, they result in mountain ranges and can induce shallow earthquakes.
Plate Composition and Density
- Continental crust is primarily composed of less dense granite, while oceanic crust is denser, primarily consisting of basalt.
Earthquake Fundamentals
- Earthquakes are sudden ground shakes caused by the release of pressure along faults, with the focus being the starting point and the epicenter directly above it.
- Magnitude measures an earthquake's size, while intensity assesses the shaking's impact at specific locations.
Seismic Waves
- Earthquake-generated waves include body waves (P waves and S waves) and surface waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves).
- P waves travel fastest and can move through any state of matter; S waves are slower and only travel through solids.
Triangulation Method
- A technique used to determine an earthquake's epicenter by analyzing data from multiple seismic stations.
Pacific Ring of Fire
- A volcanic and seismic zone surrounding the Pacific Ocean, containing around 75% of Earth's volcanoes and accounting for 90% of its earthquakes.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of plate tectonics with this quiz. Learn about the major and secondary tectonic plates, their boundaries, and how they shape the Earth's surface. This quiz will enhance your understanding of geological processes.
