Earth's Structure, Tectonics and Geological Processes

Earth Science

• The Earth consists of layers: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
• Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are the different types of rocks.
• Minerals have specific characteristics and are important.
• The lithosphere and asthenosphere are key layers in the context of plate tectonics.
• The theory of continental drift is supported by evidence.
• Plate tectonics drives Earth's geological processes.
• Sea-floor spreading is a mechanism of plate tectonics.
• Subduction zones are a key feature of how plates move.
• Divergent plate boundaries occur where plates move apart.
• Convergent plate boundaries occur where plates move toward each other.
• Transform plate boundaries occur where plates slide past each other.
• Fault lines and tectonic activity cause earthquakes.
• The Richter scale and seismographs measure earthquakes.
• Shield, composite, and cinder cone are types of volcanoes.
• Eons, eras, periods, and epochs are divisions of the geological time scale.
• Major events in Earth's history include the extinction of dinosaurs.
• The troposphere is the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.
• The stratosphere contains the ozone layer.
• The mesosphere is where meteors burn up.
• Auroras occur in the thermosphere.
• The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

Physics

• Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are types of electromagnetic waves.
• Wavelength, frequency, and energy characterize electromagnetic waves.
• Natural sources of light include the sun and fireflies.
• Artificial sources of light include bulbs and LEDs.
• Gravitational, electromagnetic, normal, tension, and friction are types of forces.
• Newton's Laws of Motion are fundamental principles.
• Kinetic and potential energy are two forms of energy.
• Reflection and refraction are phenomena in optics.
• Lenses and mirrors manipulate light.
• Ray diagrams illustrate the formation of images in lenses and mirrors.
• Scalar quantities have only magnitude (e.g., distance, speed).
• Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).

Mathematics

• Algebra involves solving equations and inequalities, and simplifying expressions.
• Geometry deals with properties of shapes like triangles, circles, and polygons.
• Area, perimeter, and volume each have specific formulas.
• Sine, cosine, and tangent are basic trigonometric ratios.
• Trigonometry has applications in right triangles.
• Probability involves calculating the likelihood of events.
• Events can be independent or dependent.
• Mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency in statistics.
• Range and standard deviation are measures of dispersion in statistics.
• Acute, right, obtuse, and reflex are types of angles.
• Complementary, supplementary, adjacent, and vertical describe angle relationships.
• Geometric and arithmetic sequences have formulas for the nth term and sum.
• Formulas exist for calculating length and midpoint of a line segment.
• The equation of a circle can be expressed in standard form.
• Laws of exponents include product, quotient, and power rules.
• Bar, line, and pie graphs can be interpreted and analyzed.
• Key formulas exist for calculating areas and perimeters of common shapes like squares, rectangles, triangles, and circles.

English

• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc., are parts of speech.
• Subject-verb agreement is a grammatical rule.
• Sentences have structure and can be of different types.
• Techniques exist for effective speech delivery in public speaking.
• A good presentation contains specific elements.
• Metaphor, simile, and alliteration are literary devices.
• Prose, poetry, and drama are types of literature.
• Texts can be analyzed using different critical lenses (e.g., formalist, feminist, historical).
• Reading comprehension involves identifying main ideas and supporting details.
• Making inferences and drawing conclusions are aspects of reading comprehension.