T1 L18: Plasticity and Regeneration (NS)

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Where do nerve and glial cells come from and what do they need to survive?

They come from neuroblasts and they need chemoattraction to survive.

They come from stem cells and they need inducing factors to survive. (correct)

They come from progenitor cells and they need electrical activity to survive.

They come from growth cones and they need apoptosis to survive.

What dominates the early development of the nervous system?

Apoptosis

Synapse formation (correct)

Chemical guidance cues

Electrical activity

How are brain circuits modified as a result of experience?

Through chemoattraction

Through electrical activity (correct)

Through neurogenesis

Through apoptosis

What is neurogenesis?

The development of nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

What determines axon guidance at the midline of the developing CNS?

Chemical guidance cues Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between peripheral and central nerve regeneration?

Peripheral nerve regeneration is faster than central nerve regeneration. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of cortical plasticity in the adult cerebral cortex.

Electrical activity Signup and view all the answers

How do computational theories of memory take into account neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

They consider neurogenesis as a minor factor in memory formation. Signup and view all the answers

What determines gene expression in individual cells?

Inducing factors Signup and view all the answers

Why is each cell's position in early development critical for its fate?

Because of exposure to different inducing factors Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain primarily consists of interneurons and some integrate in functional networks, but most die?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent proposed function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

Protection from neurodegeneration Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, where do we make new neurons in the brain?

Olfactory bulb Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a proposed function of adult hippocampal neurogenesis?

Nerve regeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of separating overlapping or conflicting information called?

Pattern separation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb?

Processing of olfactory information Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, where do we find the Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ)?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of modifying brain circuits as a result of experience during development and in adulthood called?

Cortical plasticity Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which area of the brain is primarily involved in the generation and survival of nerve cells?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

True or False: We are born with all the cortical neurons we will ever have.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about neurogenesis during gestation?

The peak rate of neurogenesis occurs during the 5th week to 5th month of gestation Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of a neuroblast?

It will differentiate into a neuron Signup and view all the answers

What determines the fate of a migrating neuron?

Age of the precursor cell Signup and view all the answers

What are chemoattractants and chemorepellents involved in?

Neuroblast migration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

They support the survival and growth of neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of synapse elimination?

To selectively lose AChRs Signup and view all the answers

When is activity-mediated influence on the developing brain most consequential?

During critical periods Signup and view all the answers

What are the two important factors for successful completion of the critical period?

Availability of appropriate influences and neural capacity to respond to them Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of visual experience in the development of visual perception?

It is necessary for the development of visual perception in early life, but not in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of the critical period?

A variable time window for different skills and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

During development, what determines the fate of a migrating neuron?

The genes it expresses Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain primarily consists of interneurons and some integrate in functional networks, but most die?

The olfactory bulb Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

To regulate emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What are chemoattractants and chemorepellents involved in?

The migration of neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of cues that guide growth cone growth?

Density Signup and view all the answers

What is the Sanskrit word for guidance?

Nurturing Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a growth cone is repelled by a molecule called slit?

It will retract and start exploring the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

To nurture the connections that have emerged Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cortex is established first during development?

Layer 6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure called that is created by radial glial cells and serves as a scaffolding during cortical development?

Sub plate Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the growth cone and filopodia in neuronal differentiation?

They explore the environment and find the right targets Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of selection involved in neuronal differentiation?

Target selection, address selection, and layer selection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about neural progenitor cells?

They have limited mitotic capacity Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G1 stage of cell division?

The DNA replicates Signup and view all the answers

What determines the fate of the two daughter cells during cell division?

The concentration of notch one protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

They promote the survival and differentiation of neurons Signup and view all the answers

During early development, the nervous system relies primarily on intrinsic genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms to establish brain regions and neural connections. However, the fine tuning of brain circuits requires what?

Activity-mediated influence Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of synapse elimination during neurodevelopment?

To reduce competition between neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

To support the survival and growth of neurons Signup and view all the answers

When does the fine tuning of brain circuits through activity-mediated influence have the most significant impact?

During critical periods Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells have the ability to perpetually generate more stem cells and give rise to the full range of cell classes within the relevant tissue?

Neural stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells?

Neural stem cells can perpetually generate more stem cells, while neural progenitor cells can only give rise to one class of differentiated progeny. Signup and view all the answers

When does neurogenesis typically occur during gestation?

Between the fifth week and the fifth month Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that determines how genes will be expressed in individual cells depending on the exact environment and the competence of the cell?

Transcriptional code Signup and view all the answers

During development, when do babies start babbling and talking?

At specific times Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are the two important factors for the successful completion of the critical period?

Availability of appropriate influences and neural capacity to respond Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not having the correct inputs from the environment during the critical period?

No development Signup and view all the answers

T1 L18: Plasticity and Regeneration (NS)

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Questions and Answers

Where do nerve and glial cells come from and what do they need to survive?

What dominates the early development of the nervous system?

How are brain circuits modified as a result of experience?

What is neurogenesis?

What determines axon guidance at the midline of the developing CNS?

What is the difference between peripheral and central nerve regeneration?

Give an example of cortical plasticity in the adult cerebral cortex.

How do computational theories of memory take into account neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

What determines gene expression in individual cells?

Why is each cell's position in early development critical for its fate?

Which area of the brain primarily consists of interneurons and some integrate in functional networks, but most die?

What is the most prevalent proposed function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

According to the text, where do we make new neurons in the brain?

Which of the following is NOT a proposed function of adult hippocampal neurogenesis?

What is the process of separating overlapping or conflicting information called?

What is the main function of adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb?

According to the text, where do we find the Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ)?

What is the process of modifying brain circuits as a result of experience during development and in adulthood called?

According to the text, which area of the brain is primarily involved in the generation and survival of nerve cells?

True or False: We are born with all the cortical neurons we will ever have.

Which of the following is true about neurogenesis during gestation?

What is the fate of a neuroblast?

What determines the fate of a migrating neuron?

What are chemoattractants and chemorepellents involved in?

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

What is the purpose of synapse elimination?

When is activity-mediated influence on the developing brain most consequential?

What are the two important factors for successful completion of the critical period?

What is the role of visual experience in the development of visual perception?

What is the concept of the critical period?

During development, what determines the fate of a migrating neuron?

Which area of the brain primarily consists of interneurons and some integrate in functional networks, but most die?

What is the main function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

What are chemoattractants and chemorepellents involved in?

Which of the following is NOT a category of cues that guide growth cone growth?

What is the Sanskrit word for guidance?

What happens when a growth cone is repelled by a molecule called slit?

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

Which layer of the cortex is established first during development?

What is the structure called that is created by radial glial cells and serves as a scaffolding during cortical development?

What is the role of the growth cone and filopodia in neuronal differentiation?

What are the three types of selection involved in neuronal differentiation?

Which of the following is true about neural progenitor cells?

What happens during the G1 stage of cell division?

What determines the fate of the two daughter cells during cell division?

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

During early development, the nervous system relies primarily on intrinsic genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms to establish brain regions and neural connections. However, the fine tuning of brain circuits requires what?

What is the purpose of synapse elimination during neurodevelopment?

What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?

When does the fine tuning of brain circuits through activity-mediated influence have the most significant impact?

Which type of cells have the ability to perpetually generate more stem cells and give rise to the full range of cell classes within the relevant tissue?

What is the main difference between neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells?

When does neurogenesis typically occur during gestation?

What is the process that determines how genes will be expressed in individual cells depending on the exact environment and the competence of the cell?

During development, when do babies start babbling and talking?

According to the text, what are the two important factors for the successful completion of the critical period?

What is the consequence of not having the correct inputs from the environment during the critical period?

What is the consequence of not having the neural capacity to respond during the critical period?

What is a requirement for a baby to learn to talk, according to the text?

What is the role of appropriate influences during the critical period?

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