60 Questions
Where do nerve and glial cells come from and what do they need to survive?
They come from stem cells and they need inducing factors to survive.
What dominates the early development of the nervous system?
Synapse formation
How are brain circuits modified as a result of experience?
Through electrical activity
What is neurogenesis?
The development of nerve cells
What determines axon guidance at the midline of the developing CNS?
Chemical guidance cues
What is the difference between peripheral and central nerve regeneration?
Peripheral nerve regeneration is faster than central nerve regeneration.
Give an example of cortical plasticity in the adult cerebral cortex.
Electrical activity
How do computational theories of memory take into account neurogenesis in the hippocampus?
They consider neurogenesis as a minor factor in memory formation.
What determines gene expression in individual cells?
Inducing factors
Why is each cell's position in early development critical for its fate?
Because of exposure to different inducing factors
Which area of the brain primarily consists of interneurons and some integrate in functional networks, but most die?
Hippocampus
What is the most prevalent proposed function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?
Protection from neurodegeneration
According to the text, where do we make new neurons in the brain?
Olfactory bulb
Which of the following is NOT a proposed function of adult hippocampal neurogenesis?
Nerve regeneration
What is the process of separating overlapping or conflicting information called?
Pattern separation
What is the main function of adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb?
Processing of olfactory information
According to the text, where do we find the Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ)?
Cortex
What is the process of modifying brain circuits as a result of experience during development and in adulthood called?
Cortical plasticity
According to the text, which area of the brain is primarily involved in the generation and survival of nerve cells?
Cortex
True or False: We are born with all the cortical neurons we will ever have.
False
Which of the following is true about neurogenesis during gestation?
The peak rate of neurogenesis occurs during the 5th week to 5th month of gestation
What is the fate of a neuroblast?
It will differentiate into a neuron
What determines the fate of a migrating neuron?
Age of the precursor cell
What are chemoattractants and chemorepellents involved in?
Neuroblast migration
What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?
They support the survival and growth of neurons
What is the purpose of synapse elimination?
To selectively lose AChRs
When is activity-mediated influence on the developing brain most consequential?
During critical periods
What are the two important factors for successful completion of the critical period?
Availability of appropriate influences and neural capacity to respond to them
What is the role of visual experience in the development of visual perception?
It is necessary for the development of visual perception in early life, but not in adulthood
What is the concept of the critical period?
A variable time window for different skills and behaviors
During development, what determines the fate of a migrating neuron?
The genes it expresses
Which area of the brain primarily consists of interneurons and some integrate in functional networks, but most die?
The olfactory bulb
What is the main function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?
To regulate emotional responses
What are chemoattractants and chemorepellents involved in?
The migration of neurons
Which of the following is NOT a category of cues that guide growth cone growth?
Density
What is the Sanskrit word for guidance?
Nurturing
What happens when a growth cone is repelled by a molecule called slit?
It will retract and start exploring the environment
What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?
To nurture the connections that have emerged
Which layer of the cortex is established first during development?
Layer 6
What is the structure called that is created by radial glial cells and serves as a scaffolding during cortical development?
Sub plate
What is the role of the growth cone and filopodia in neuronal differentiation?
They explore the environment and find the right targets
What are the three types of selection involved in neuronal differentiation?
Target selection, address selection, and layer selection
Which of the following is true about neural progenitor cells?
They have limited mitotic capacity
What happens during the G1 stage of cell division?
The DNA replicates
What determines the fate of the two daughter cells during cell division?
The concentration of notch one protein
What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?
They promote the survival and differentiation of neurons
During early development, the nervous system relies primarily on intrinsic genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms to establish brain regions and neural connections. However, the fine tuning of brain circuits requires what?
Activity-mediated influence
What is the purpose of synapse elimination during neurodevelopment?
To reduce competition between neurons
What is the role of trophic factors in neurodevelopment?
To support the survival and growth of neurons
When does the fine tuning of brain circuits through activity-mediated influence have the most significant impact?
During critical periods
Which type of cells have the ability to perpetually generate more stem cells and give rise to the full range of cell classes within the relevant tissue?
Neural stem cells
What is the main difference between neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells?
Neural stem cells can perpetually generate more stem cells, while neural progenitor cells can only give rise to one class of differentiated progeny.
When does neurogenesis typically occur during gestation?
Between the fifth week and the fifth month
What is the process that determines how genes will be expressed in individual cells depending on the exact environment and the competence of the cell?
Transcriptional code
During development, when do babies start babbling and talking?
At specific times
According to the text, what are the two important factors for the successful completion of the critical period?
Availability of appropriate influences and neural capacity to respond
What is the consequence of not having the correct inputs from the environment during the critical period?
No development
What is the consequence of not having the neural capacity to respond during the critical period?
No development
What is a requirement for a baby to learn to talk, according to the text?
Exposure to language
What is the role of appropriate influences during the critical period?
To enhance development
Test your knowledge on the generation and survival of nerve cells in this quiz on plasticity and regeneration. Explore the origins of nerve and glial cells and learn what they need to thrive. Dive into the early development of the nervous system and understand the crucial events that occur before synapse formation. Are you ready to challenge your understanding of neuroscience and behavior? Take this quiz now!
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