Plasma Proteins and Enzymes in Diagnostic Medicine

Proteins Synthesized in the Liver

• All proteins are synthesized in the liver, except for immunoglobulins.

Binding Properties of Citrate, Oxalate, and EDTA

• Citrate, Oxalate, and EDTA bind to calcium ions.

Proteins Responsible for Oncotic Pressure and Transport

• Albumin is responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting substances like fatty acids and bilirubin.

Major Bands in Electrophoresis

• Albumin and globulins are part of the major bands in electrophoresis.

Glycoproteins

• Most globulins are glycoproteins.

Diagnostic Proteins in Plasma

• Various proteins in plasma can be used for the diagnosis of different diseases, including albumin, globulins, and enzymes.

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

• The main function of colloid osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins is to maintain blood volume and prevent edema.

Enzymes in Diagnosis of Organ Diseases

• Enzymes commonly used in the diagnosis of organ diseases include lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT).

Purpose of Enzymes in Diagnosis

• The primary purpose of using enzymes in the diagnosis of organ diseases is to detect tissue damage or injury.

Contribution of Plasma Proteins to Diagnosis

• Plasma proteins contribute to the diagnosis of diseases by serving as biomarkers for different conditions.

Plasma Cholinesterase (BuChE)

• Plasma cholinesterase (BuChE) is responsible for the hydrolytic cleavage of various esters of choline.
• BuChE is found in the liver, nerve tissue, and plasma.

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)

• The principal location of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) is in the synapses of neurons.
• ACHE is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine.

Inhibitors of BuChE and ACHE

• The activity of both BuChE and ACHE can be inhibited by organophosphates.

Clinical Symptoms of Acetylcholine Build-up

• The clinical symptoms arising from a build-up of acetylcholine include muscle weakness, fasciculations, and paralysis.