Questions and Answers
Which proteins are used for the diagnosis of different diseases?
Acute phase proteins and albumin
What is the main function of colloid osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins?
To hold water within the vascular space
Which proteins do not diffuse readily across the capillary membrane?
Albumin
What type of proteins increase or decrease in response to inflammation?
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Which organ synthesizes most plasma proteins?
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What is the main function of transport acute phase proteins?
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Which substance is known for its ability to bind to free hemoglobin?
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What is the function of prealbumin/transthyretin?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the oxidization of iron II to iron III?
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What is the main function of cortisol-binding globulin or transcortin?
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Which protein is a zymogen of plasmin and angiostatin?
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Which substance regulates opsonization and can form pentameric structures?
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What is the primary function of angiotensinogen?
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Which glycoprotein does not contain any saccharide residues?
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ext{Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)} is known for its ability to bind to which ion?
ext{Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)} is known for its ability to bind to which ion?
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Which protein functions as an apolipoprotein of HDL and binds cholesterol?
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What are nearly all plasma proteins part of?
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What is the main function of ext{alpha-1-antitrypsin}?
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Which enzyme is found in high concentrations in the cells of liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and kidney?
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What is the main characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?
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Which enzyme is mainly found in the cell membranes of the liver, bile duct, kidney, pancreas, and several other organs?
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What causes an increase in levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) associated with physiological changes?
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Which enzyme is used to differentiate tissues of origin between diseases of the bile duct and bone?
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What is the main function of plasma cholinesterase (BuChE)?
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In which conditions would one observe very high levels of aspartate transaminase (AST)?
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What is the normal AST/ALT ratio?
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What is a primary cause of chronic liver disease in Western nations?
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Which protein is used as a tumor marker to help detect and diagnose cancers of the liver, testicles, and ovaries?
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What is the main function of haptoglobin?
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What is the role of hemopexin?
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What condition may be indicated by an increased level of haptoglobin?
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What is the main function of α1-Antitrypsin?
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What is the function of acute phase proteins such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?
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What is one possible cause of increased red blood cell destruction?
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Which enzyme converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, sequestering it into the core of a lipoprotein particle?
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[Wilson disease] is characterized by excess copper stored in various body tissues, particularly the liver, brain, and corneas of the eyes. What is one possible consequence if left untreated?
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[Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)] is used as a tumor marker to help detect and diagnose which type of cancers?
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[C-Reactive Protein (CRP)] is thought to assist in which process related to innate immunity?
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What is one possible result of Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency?
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Study Notes
- Plasma proteins are essential for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure and transporting various substances in the body.
- Most plasma proteins are glycoproteins, with oligosaccharide chains linked by N- or O-atoms, except for albumin.
- Albumin serves multiple functions, including maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting drugs.
- Hypoalbuminemia can lead to edema due to decreased oncotic pressure and altered distribution or metabolism.
- Heparin, citrate, oxalate, and EDTA are anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting.
- Plasma proteins are labeled based on electrophoresis band patterns, including α1-, α2-, β-, and γ-globulins.
- α1-Globulins are mostly transport proteins and protease inhibitors, while α2-Globulins are protease inhibitors and transport proteins.
- Immunoglobulins, or γ-globulins, are the predominant immunoglobulins in plasma and play roles in agglutination, opsonization, and pathogen recognition.
- Prealbumin and thyroxine binding globulin are binding proteins responsible for transporting retinol, thyroid hormones, and cortisol.
- Acute-phase proteins, such as α-fetoprotein, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin, increase or decrease in response to inflammation and can be used for diagnostic purposes.
- C-reactive protein is an acute-phase reactant that binds to phosphocholine on micro-organisms and enhances phagocytosis by macrophages.
- Haptoglobin is a protein used to clear free hemoglobin from the circulation and is elevated in many inflammatory diseases.
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