Plants in Human Nutrition and Health
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Questions and Answers

What are considered macromolecules that are essential for human nutrition?

  • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins
  • Fats, cellulose, alcohols, and carbohydrates
  • Vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and amino acids
  • Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (correct)

    • What is the primary function of nutrients obtained from food?

  • To eliminate waste effectively
  • To support the body's growth, maintenance, and function (correct)
  • To contribute to the aesthetic appeal of meals
  • To facilitate the process of digestion

    • Which of the following best describes carbohydrates?

  • Fatty acids that serve as energy stores
  • Proteins that are necessary for muscle growth
  • Energy-rich molecules that include starches and fibers (correct)
  • Molecules primarily composed of carbon and nitrogen

    • What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen defines a simple sugar in carbohydrates?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of living plant tissues?

    <p>Cell wall polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cholecalciferol in the human body?

    <p>To act as a chemical messenger (hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are energy requirements from food measured?

    <p>In calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral has a recommended daily allowance (RDA) that varies from 1000 to 1300 mg?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary metabolite found in plants?

    <p>Protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the established minimum for nutrient requirements?

    <p>It sets a base for determining sufficiency in meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are functional foods primarily known for?

    <p>Being fortified with additional nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible misconception about antioxidants?

    <p>They are consistently proven to reduce DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is primarily found in cellulose?

    <p>Beta 1,4 bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a five-carbon sugar?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes alpha-glucose from beta-glucose?

    <p>The orientation of the hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of starch in plants?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monosaccharides typically form rings?

    <p>Through an oxygen bridge displacing a carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about lipids?

    <p>They are lightweight energy molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the beta 1,4 bond in cellulose?

    <p>It creates rigidity and reduces enzyme access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of sugar is glyceraldehyde classified as?

    <p>Triose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structural component of proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group in the amino acid structure is responsible for its unique characteristics?

    <p>R group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many essential amino acids must be obtained from food?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a polymer consisting of amino acids?

    <p>Polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a non-essential amino acid?

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT part of the protein score evaluation?

    <p>Fat content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of proteins in living organisms?

    <p>Forming enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency prevention method is NOT mentioned?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes vitamins from macromolecules?

    <p>Vitamins are organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that defines whether an amino acid is essential?

    <p>Whether it can be synthesized by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat primarily contains single bonds between carbon atoms?

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?

    <p>Presence of a phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hydrogenation have on oils?

    <p>It makes them firmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes essential fatty acids?

    <p>They must be obtained through diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid mentioned is noted for having two unsaturated bonds?

    <p>Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main components of energy expenditure in adult humans?

    <p>Basal metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the suggested dietary recommendations promoted by the Canada Food Guide?

    <p>Eat food, not too much, mostly plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of unsaturated fats at room temperature?

    <p>They are predominantly liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a sedentary lifestyle affect health?

    <p>It increases risk factors for heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of lipids primarily makes them insoluble in water?

    <p>Fatty acid tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living tissues and organs are composed of 60-70% ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monomer of carbohydrates are known as ______.

    <p>monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macromolecules are formed by the process of ______.

    <p>polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary energy requirements of the body are measured in ______.

    <p>calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant tissues are largely composed of cell wall ______.

    <p>polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose and fructose combine to form ______.

    <p>sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch is primarily used for ______ in plants.

    <p>storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose, a polymer of glucose, is used for ______ in plants.

    <p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ bond in cellulose causes adjacent chains to bond together, making it insoluble.

    <p>beta 1,4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of ______ in their structure.

    <p>carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are made up of monomers known as ______.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential amino acids must be obtained from ______.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ structure of proteins allows them to form enzymes and other important molecules.

    <p>3-D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamins are small, organic molecules that must be ______.

    <p>eaten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protein score is based on ______ and the essential amino acids present.

    <p>digestibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides and phospholipids both have glycerol and __________.

    <p>fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saturated fats primarily contain __________ bonds between carbon atoms.

    <p>single</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated fats are mainly __________ at room temperature.

    <p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique of __________ is used to make oils more firm and less prone to oxidation.

    <p>hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both linolenic and linoleic acids are examples of __________ fatty acids that cannot be produced by the human body.

    <p>essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living tissues and organs contain approximately 60-70% ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The building blocks of proteins are known as ______.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant tissues are primarily made of cell wall ______.

    <p>polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are loosely defined as molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ______ ratio.

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary energy requirements of the human body are measured in ______.

    <p>calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose and fructose combine to form ______.

    <p>sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch is primarily used for ______ in plants.

    <p>storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose, a polymer of glucose, is used for ______ in plants.

    <p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ bond in cellulose causes adjacent chains to bond together, making it insoluble.

    <p>beta 1,4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides are often named based on the number of ______ they contain.

    <p>carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are made of building blocks called ______.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential amino acids must be obtained from ______.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polymer of amino acids is referred to as ______.

    <p>polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamins are small, organic molecules that must be ______.

    <p>eaten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic structure of an amino acid includes an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a distinctive ______ group.

    <p>R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are primarily solid at room temperature due to single bonds between carbons.

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ structure of phospholipids consists of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.

    <p>bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foods like flax and canola are sources of __________, which have two unsaturated bonds.

    <p>linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogenation is a technique used to make oils more __________ and less prone to oxidation.

    <p>firm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ is the main metabolic function related to daily maintenance and normal growth.

    <p>Basal metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ovary after fertilization in flowering plants?

    <p>It develops into a fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of dry fruits?

    <p>They can be dehiscent or indehiscent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a type of fleshy fruit.

    <p>Berry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a drupe fruit?

    <p>It has a single hard seed and fleshy outer layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fruits is classified as an indehiscent fruit?

    <p>Samara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the dichotomous key, how is a simple fruit defined?

    <p>Derived from one ovary of a single flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the apple fruit structure?

    <p>The fruit contains a papery core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the process of seed dispersal?

    <p>Can happen naturally or through external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of four bumps on a bell pepper?

    <p>It is a female pepper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of dehiscent fruit?

    <p>Caryopsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What develops into a fruit after pollination and fertilization in a flowering plant?

    <p>The ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fruit is a cucumber classified as?

    <p>Simple fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fruits is classified as a drupe?

    <p>Plum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding dry fruits?

    <p>They can either be dehiscent or indehiscent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do seeds within a fruit contain?

    <p>A plant embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of simple fruit do sunflowers produce?

    <p>Achene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fleshy fruits?

    <p>Have a hard, dry pericarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a pome from other fruit types?

    <p>Its inner layer of the ovary is papery, forming a core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of simple fruit is exemplified by a bell pepper?

    <p>Berry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can fruit types be categorized according to their seed structure?

    <p>By whether they are fleshy or dry at maturity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mature plant produces a ______.

    <p>flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeds are dispersed from the ______ once it matures.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fertilized ovules become the ______.

    <p>seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cucumber is classified as a type of ______ fruit.

    <p>simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dry fruits can be either ______ or indehiscent.

    <p>dehiscent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ is an example of a fleshy fruit.

    <p>berry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In apples, the remains of stamens and styles are found in the ______.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ______ refers to fruit from one ovary of one flower.

    <p>simple fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the outer layer of a fruit, which can vary in thickness.

    <p>exocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Female peppers are characterized by having ______ bumps on their surface.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plants in Human Nutrition, Diet, and Health

    • Plants are a vital component of human nutrition, diet, and overall health.
    • Nutrients from food are essential for growth, maintenance, and function.
    • Key nutrients from food include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
    • Macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, are large molecules essential for various biological functions.
    • Water is a crucial component of living organisms (60-70% in tissues), along with other molecules of different proportions.
    • Most plant tissues are comprised of 80-90% polysaccharides (carbohydrate type) in their cell walls.
    • Energy requirements are measured in calories.
    • Energy is obtained by breaking down chemical bonds in food.
    • Nutrient requirements vary depending on individuals.
    • Requirements are established through clinical trials, quasi-experimental studies, animal studies, cohort studies, and meta-analysis.
    • The amount of energy in food is a key factor in how our bodies use the energy provided, which is measured in calories.
    • Consumption of 6oz (200g) yogurt provides 130 calories, while a cheeseburger provides 530 and 10-inch (25cm) pizza provides 1300 calories.

    Macromolecules

    • Macromolecules are large, often complex chains (polymers) of smaller molecules called monomers.
    • Carbohydrates are a main source of energy for the body.
    • Lipids (fats, oils, sterols) are also an energy source and are insoluble in water, e.g. triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids that all consist of glycerol and fatty acids.
    • Some fatty acids are essential (e.g., linolenic acid).
    • Proteins are "structure molecules" containing nitrogen.
    • Protein monomers are amino acids (e.g., glycine, tryptophan) linked to form polypeptide chains.
    • The proteins' three-dimensional structure allows them to function as enzymes, pigments, and storage molecules.
    • Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet (9 in total).

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)n.
    • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the basic units of carbohydrates.
    • Examples of monosaccharides include glucose and fructose.
    • Polymers of monosaccharides are polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose).
    • Starch is a storage polysaccharide, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide.
    • Starch's alpha-1,4 bonds allow it to form a spiral structure, readily hydrolyzed by enzymes.
    • Cellulose's beta-1,4 bonds give it a rigid rod-like structure, resistant to digestion.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are a group of organic molecules that are generally insoluble in water.
    • Fats, oils, and sterols are examples of lipids.
    • Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids are examples of lipids.
    • Triglycerides are glycerol and fatty acids.
    • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
    • Hydrogenation is a process used to convert oils into more solid fats by adding hydrogen, potentially creating trans-fats.

    Vitamins

    • Vitamins are small, organic molecules that must be consumed.
    • There are four ways to prevent vitamin deficiencies, through a balanced diet, vitamin supplements, foods, and genetically engineered plants.
    • Vitamin D is a hormone formed from cholesterol via sunlight exposure.

    Minerals

    • Minerals are micronutrients obtained from food and water.
    • Some essential minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, etc.
    • Minerals are involved in bone and tooth formation, enzyme function, maintaining fluid balance and more.

    Bioactive Molecules

    • Plant biochemistry is more complex than in animals.
    • Plants use bioactive molecules to compensate for their immobile nature.
    • Plants use bioactive molecules (e.g., pigments, alkaloids, toxins, and essential oils) for various functions.

    "Superfoods" and Functional Foods

    • "Superfoods" are often promoted as containing concentrated amounts of beneficial compounds.
    • Functional foods may be supplemented with additional nutrients.
    • Some superfoods are rich in antioxidants (e.g., Vitamine C).

    The Intestinal Microbiome

    • The intestinal microbiome comprises various bacteria that play a significant role in health.
    • The microbiome interacts with the body.

    Probiotic Bacteria

    • Probiotic bacteria are beneficial bacteria in the human microbiome.
    • Food with beneficial bacteria is often considered probiotics.

    Diets

    • No single diet is a universal cure-all.
    • Dietary choices influence nutritional deficiencies that can lead to acute or chronic health problems.
    • Enzyme function is affected by diet.
    • Legumes are a significant source of protein for vegetarians and vegans.
    • People often neglect vitamin B12 which is important as an essential vitamin primarily obtained from animals, though some microorganisms contain it.
    • Organic foods are sometimes associated with ecological concerns rather than health benefits.

    Additional Notes

    • Some specific food products and their respective calorie content were mentioned, such as yogurt, cheeseburgers, and pizzas.
    • The study guide suggests important areas of study: macromolecules, monomers, nitrogen and carbohydrates function in proteins, how vitamins differ from macromolecules, the relationship between nutrition and diseases, how diet influences health, organic food benefits, and definition of terms.
    • The information is from multiple pages, and sections are organized per topic.

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    Description

    Explore the essential role of plants in human nutrition and overall health in this quiz. Learn about key nutrients, macromolecules, and the importance of water in our diet. Test your knowledge of energy requirements and the nutritional sciences.

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