Botany: Plant vs Animal Nutrition and Metabolism
42 Questions
14 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which statement best contrasts plant and animal approaches to obtaining nutrition?

  • Plants are primarily autotrophic, converting light energy into chemical energy, while animals are heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients by consuming other organisms. (correct)
  • Plants rely solely on consuming organic matter from their environment, akin to carnivorous animals.
  • Animals synthesize their complex carbohydrates through photosynthesis, whereas plants obtain theirs through consumption.
  • Animals use light energy to create ATP, while plants consume other organisms for energy.

    • How does gravitropism enable a plant to respond to its environment?

  • By orienting growth in response to light, maximizing photosynthesis.
  • By causing chemical growth.
  • By directing root growth downward in response to gravity, ensuring access to water and nutrients. (correct)
  • By enabling leaves to curl when touched.

    • In what key way does plant metabolism demonstrate the unifying theme that plants exchange energy with their environment?

  • Plants consume energy from the soil through their roots.
  • Plants convert chemical energy into light to attract pollinators.
  • Plants insulate against temperature variations to maintain consistent internal conditions.
  • Plants capture light energy during photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy, releasing oxygen and using carbon dioxide. (correct)

    • How would Aristotle likely compare plant and animal life based on the information provided?

    <p>Plant life is lower and less specialized than animal life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a plant exhibits positive phototropism, what does this indicate about its growth pattern?

    <p>It is growing towards a light source. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?

    <p>Gymnosperms have naked seeds, while angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature commonly found in monocots?

    <p>Two cotyledons in the seed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a plant has broad leaves with netted venation and flower parts in whorls of four or five, it is most likely a:

    <p>Dicot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leaf structures is responsible for attaching the leaf blade to the stem?

    <p>Petiole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A plant is observed to have leaves without a petiole. How should these leaves be described?

    <p>Sessile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leaf texture is best suited for plants in arid environments to minimize water loss?

    <p>Fleshy/Succulent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Calvin Cycle runs three times, what is regenerated, and how many molecules are re-formed?

    <p>5 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used to re-form 3 molecules of RuBP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stem in a plant?

    <p>To conduct water, minerals, and food to other parts of the plant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a field study, a student observes a plant with leaves that have a thick, leathery texture. Which term accurately describes this leaf characteristic?

    <p>Coriaceous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are required to produce one molecule of glucose phosphate?

    <p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the correct flow of energy and materials in photosynthesis, according to the concept map?

    <p>Sunlight -&gt; Thylakoid Membranes -&gt; ATP &amp; NADPH -&gt; Stroma -&gt; High-energy sugars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the regeneration of RuBP critical for the continuation of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>RuBP is needed to initiate the cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

    <p>6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is unique to plants compared to other eukaryotes?

    <p>Manufacturing their own food through photosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A botanist is studying a plant tissue sample. Under a microscope, they observe cells with thickened cell walls providing structural support. Which type of tissue are they MOST likely observing?

    <p>Collenchyma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plant structure would you MOST likely find lateral meristem?

    <p>The vascular cambium of a woody stem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the primary difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

    <p>Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in fruits, while gymnosperms do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a unifying theme in the study of plants?

    <p>Plants are completely independent and do not interact with other organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a plant lacks vascular tissue, into which classification would it fall?

    <p>Bryophyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pando trees are known to be the oldest living plant in the world; what characteristic allows these trees to live for such an extended time?

    <p>Vegetative regeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a plant physiologist differentiate between xylem and pholem tissues when studying a cross-section of a plant stem?

    <p>Xylem cells have thickened, lignified walls, while pholem cells have sieve plates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In organic crop production, covering plants to prevent insect attacks is particularly effective when:

    <p>Fruit formation does not rely on insect pollination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses in natural environments?

    <p>By using a combination of complex regulatory mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary inputs and outputs of photosynthesis in green plants?

    <p>Inputs: Water, carbon dioxide, and minerals; Outputs: Oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis take place within the chloroplast?

    <p>Light reactions occur in the thylakoids; dark reactions occur in the stroma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>To convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP &amp; NADPH). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ATP and NADPH play in the dark reactions (Calvin cycle)?

    <p>They supply the energy needed to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the light reactions?

    <p>Carbon fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) in the thylakoid membrane?

    <p>To capture sunlight energy and transfer high-energy electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>To generate a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP synthesis and to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the splitting of water molecules essential in the light-dependent reactions?

    <p>To provide the electrons to replenish chlorophyll and produce oxygen as a byproduct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hydrogen ion (H+) gradient contribute to ATP formation in the thylakoid?

    <p>It provides the energy for an enzyme to attach a phosphate molecule to ADP, forming ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>To provide the energy and reducing power needed to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Calvin cycle, what role does the enzyme rubisco play?

    <p>It catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During carbon reduction in the Calvin cycle, what molecules provide the electrons needed to reduce carbon dioxide?

    <p>NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following products of the Calvin cycle is considered the primary 'building block' for other organic molecules?

    <p>3-phosphoglycerate [PGAL] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do light-dependent and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) rely on each other in photosynthesis?

    <p>The light-dependent reactions supply ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Plant Science

    The scientific study of plants, including their structure, growth, and classification.

    Theophrastus

    Referred to as the 'Father of Plant Science', he wrote significant botanical texts like 'History of Plants'.

    Tropism

    The growth of a plant in response to environmental stimuli, such as light or gravity.

    Autotrophs

    Organisms, like plants, that convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Plant Characteristics

    Plants are multicellular autotrophs that adapt to various habitats and reproduce to pass genes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Kingdom Plantae

    The biological classification for all plants, which have been grouped based on similarities.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Vascular Plants

    Plants that have specialized structures (xylem and phloem) to transport water and nutrients.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Non-Vascular Plants

    Plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients, such as mosses and liverworts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gymnospermae

    Seed-producing plants that do not form flowers, with seeds exposed on cones, like pine trees.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Angiospermae

    Plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit; they form flowers for reproduction.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Bryophytes

    Non-vascular plants that include mosses and liverworts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Meristematic Tissues

    Plant tissues consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division, aiding growth.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Permanent Tissues

    Differentiated plant tissues that are no longer capable of dividing, performing specific functions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Monocots

    Plants with one cotyledon; usually have parallel leaf veins.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dicots

    Plants with two cotyledons; often have netted leaf veins.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Leaf structure

    Leaves are made up of blade, petiole, stipules, and veins.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Blade

    Broad, flat part of the leaf responsible for light absorption.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Petiole

    Stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Stem

    The main plant axis that supports leaves and conducts nutrients.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Electron Transport Chain

    A sequence of electron carriers that transfer high-energy electrons in photosynthesis.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    NADPH Formation

    High-energy electrons are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH, used in the Calvin cycle.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Oxygen Production

    Electrons are taken from water (H2O), releasing oxygen (O2) as a by-product.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ATP Formation

    ATP is produced using energy from the H+ ion gradient in thylakoids.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Light-Dependent Reactions

    Reactions that require light to produce ATP and NADPH, using H2O and light energy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Calvin Cycle

    Light-independent reactions that use ATP and NADPH to produce sugars from CO2.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Carbon Fixation

    The process of attaching CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate, creating a 6-carbon molecule.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde)

    A 3-carbon molecule produced in the Calvin cycle, a precursor for glucose.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Photosynthesis

    The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen and organic compounds.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Chloroplast

    An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Light Reactions

    The first stage of photosynthesis that converts solar energy into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

    Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that use ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Thylakoid

    Membrane structures within chloroplasts where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Chlorophyll

    A green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Photosystems

    Complexes of pigments within thylakoids that capture light energy during the light reactions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ATP & NADPH

    Energy carriers produced during light reactions, used in dark reactions to form glucose.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    RuBP

    Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, a key molecule in the Calvin cycle.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

    Product of the Calvin cycle, used to regenerate RuBP or form glucose.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ATP

    A molecule that stores and transports energy in cells, crucial for the Calvin cycle.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Glucose production

    Requires multiple cycles; 6 turns needed to produce 1 molecule of glucose.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Botany Overview

    • Botany is the scientific study of plant life, encompassing structure, growth, classification, and development.
    • The study also includes plant cells, processes, tissues, organs, and plant hormones.
    • Botany is also referred to as plant science.
    • A botanist is a specialist in this field.

    Key Figures in Botany

    • Theophrastus is considered the "Father of Plant Science," known for his work on plant history and early botany, including "Causes of Plants."
    • Aristotle, another influential figure, considered plants as less specialized than animals and wrote about plant science.

    Plant Characteristics

    • Plants are multicellular, coming in diverse shapes and sizes, with lifespans ranging from short to hundreds of years.
    • Primarily, plants display a green pigment.
    • Plants have adapted to a broad range of environments and utilize various methods for reproduction and dispersal.
    • Plants are autotrophs, utilizing light energy to produce chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.
    • Despite being rooted in the ground, plants exhibit movement called tropism in response to stimuli like light, gravity, touch, and chemicals.

    Tropism

    • Tropism refers to the way plants respond to external stimuli, exhibiting movement oriented toward (positive tropism) or away from (negative tropism) the stimulus. 
    • Types of tropism include phototropism (light), gravitropism (gravity), thigmotropism (touch), chemotropism (chemicals), and hydrotropism (water).

    Plant Classification

    • Kingdom Plantae is the taxonomic classification for plants.
    • Plants are broadly categorized as vascular or non-vascular, with further divisions into seed-bearing (gymnosperms, angiosperms) or spore-bearing (ferns, horsetails, and mosses).

    Plant Organs

    • Seeds, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits are the main organs in plants.

    Seed Plants

    • Seed plants (Spermatophytes), encompassing both gymnosperms and angiosperms, are plants that produce seeds.
    • Gymnosperms do not have flowers, and their seeds are typically borne on cones (e.g., pine tree, spruce, fir).
    • Angiosperms are seed plants that produce flowers and have seeds enclosed within fruit(e.g., monocots and dicots).

    Monocots and Dicots

    • Monocots have a single cotyledon (seed leaf), parallel leaf veins, and floral parts in multiples of three. Examples include grasses, rice, corn, and bananas.
    • Dicots have two cotyledons, netted leaf venation, and floral parts in multiples of four or five. Examples include trees, shrubs, and many common garden plants.

    Plant Tissues

    • Plant tissues are categorized as meristematic, permanent, and vascular.
    • Meristematic tissues are responsible for plant growth, with apical and lateral meristems for various growth patterns.
    • Permanent tissues perform specified functions for the plant.
    • Vascular tissues transport nutrients and water throughout the plant.

    Leaves

    • Leaves are lateral outgrowths of the stem, typically thin, flat, and green.
    • They are classified according to their shape, texture, and venation patterns, with various variations possible. 
    • Some plants may have stipules on the base of their petioles (leaf stems).

    Stems

    • The stem is the main support structure in plants, carrying water, minerals, and food throughout.
    • Various modified stem structures exist, such as bulbs (e.g., onions, garlic), tubers (e.g., potatoes) rhizomes (e.g., ginger), runners/stolons (e.g., strawberries).

    Roots

    • Roots are vital for nutrient uptake, anchoring the plant, storage, and propagation.
    • Roots are categorized as tap roots (in dicots), fibrous roots (in monocots), or adventitious roots (emerging from other parts of the plant).
    • Specialized root types, like aerial roots or buttress roots, perform additional functions.

    Flowers

    • The flower is the reproductive structure in flowering plants, containing both male (stamen) and female (pistil) parts.
    • Flowers are classified as complete (including all four parts - sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils) or incomplete (missing one or more parts).

    Fruits

    • Fruits develop from flowers, encompassing simple fruits (e.g., apples, peaches, cherries), aggregate fruits (e.g., raspberries, strawberries), and multiple fruits (e.g., pineapples, figs).
    • Fruits are the seed-bearing structures in angiosperms.

    Seed

    • Seeds are the embryonic plant enclosed within a covering called a seed coat, with stored food for germination.
    • Seeds are crucial for plant reproduction and dispersal.

    Plant Defense

    • Plants protect themselves from pests and pathogens using various strategies.
    • Plant barriers, like cutin, suberin, and waxes, form protective coatings.
    • Modified structures include thorns, spines, and prickles.

    Plant Hormones

    • Plant hormones regulate various developmental processes and responses. Specific hormones (like auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins) have unique roles in plant growth, flowering, seed germination, and other physiological processes, and can influence development and defense.
    • Abscisic acid regulates dormancy and response to stress factors.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, typically stored in glucose and other sugars.
    • It takes place in chloroplasts and involves light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin Cycle) reactions.
    • The light-dependent stage captures light energy, while the light-independent stage uses this energy to produce sugars.

    Plant Nutrition

    • Plant nutrition encompasses the supply and absorption of essential elements needed for plant growth and metabolism.
    • Essential elements or nutrients have specific roles in plant development.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    GENBIO PPT BOTANY 23 PDF

    Description

    Explore plant and animal nutrition, metabolism, and structural differences. Investigate tropisms, gymnosperms vs. angiosperms, monocot characteristics, and leaf structures. Understand plant adaptations to diverse environments.

    More Like This

    Plant Nutrition Quiz
    36 questions

    Plant Nutrition Quiz

    BeneficentValley avatar
    BeneficentValley
    Plant Nutrition Quiz
    3 questions

    Plant Nutrition Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions to Test Your Knowledge

    IntegratedLemur avatar
    IntegratedLemur
    Plant Nutrition Essentials Quiz
    6 questions

    Plant Nutrition Essentials Quiz

    PlushSanctuary avatar
    PlushSanctuary
    Plant and Human Nutrition Quiz
    40 questions

    Plant and Human Nutrition Quiz

    IntelligentOnomatopoeia avatar
    IntelligentOnomatopoeia
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser