20 Questions
True or false: Climate change, rapid human population increase, food insecurity, and environmental degradation do not affect farming systems, human and cattle health, and vulnerable ecosystems worldwide.
False
True or false: Global food security is not a key concern for the twenty-first century.
False
True or false: Reducing crop disease risks is not critical to achieve the 60 per cent increase in food production required by 2050.
False
True or false: Viruses are not a major source of plant disease, with an annual economic effect of more than $30 billion.
False
Viruses exclusively transmitted by aphids are mainly members of the Caulimovirus genus
True
Circulative viral transmission involves the virus going to the salivary glands via the aphid digestive system within the vector
True
The Enamovirus, Luteovirus, and Polerovirus genera of the Luteoviridae family use non-propagative circulatory transmission mechanism
True
The CP of luteoviruses is not a determinant of aphid-specific transmission
False
CP-RT protein is essential for stabilizing virions in the aphid hemolymph's hostile environment
True
Luteoviruses bind symbiotically in both vector and nonvector aphids
True
Specific insect receptors are not needed for the endocytosis, vesicle transfer across cells, and exocytosis of viruses
False
Plant rhabdoviruses can only be transmitted in a 'circulative, nonpropagative' manner
False
True or false: Aphids are responsible for spreading over half of all insect-vectored plant viruses.
True
True or false: Aphids can reproduce sexually, leading to rapid population growth and amplification of disease epidemics.
False
True or false: Aphids are responsible for transmitting over 200 documented virus species.
True
True or false: Aphid-transmitted viruses belong to 19 of the 70 identified virus genera.
True
True or false: Aphids transmit viruses through their saliva, which may attach to specific ligands in the plant.
True
True or false: Nonpersistent viruses have a very short retention time and can only spread to a few plants before losing their capacity to infect.
True
True or false: Aphids can transmit viruses through either a capsid-strategy or a circulative strategy.
True
True or false: The study of aphid-mediated virus transmission is not important for understanding virus epidemiology and developing strategies for virus control in agriculture.
False
Study Notes
- The transfer of virions from infected to healthy plants occurs when an aphid transmits a virus. This process consists of four phases: acquisition, retention, latency, and inoculation.
- Aphids have traits that make them effective virus carriers, such as their feeding behavior and short generation time.
- Many plant viruses are spread by aphids, including those that require non-virion proteins in addition to the main coat protein. Examples include luteovirus, closterovirus, and pot virus.
- Aphids transmit virions through their saliva, which may attach to specific ligands in the plant. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of aphid virus transmission is an active area of research.
- Nonpersistent viruses are those that infect a healthy plant within a few seconds or minutes after being retained in an insect's stylet. These viruses have a very short retention time and can only spread to a few plants before losing their capacity to infect. Examples include papaya ringspot virus.
- Aphids can transmit viruses through either a capsid-strategy or a circulative strategy. In the capsid-strategy, the aphid specifically employs the virus coat protein for efficient spread, while in the circulative strategy, the virus is circulated in the aphid's hemolymph and can be transmitted through the saliva.
- The efficiency of aphid-mediated virus transmission can be affected by various factors, including the virus strain, the aphid species, and the plant host.
- The study of aphid-mediated virus transmission is important for understanding virus epidemiology and developing strategies for virus control in agriculture.
- The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of aphid-mediated virus transmission is essential for developing new methods for virus detection and control.
- Research on aphid-mediated virus transmission is an active area of study, with new discoveries being made regularly.
Test your knowledge on the phases of plant virus transmission, from acquisition by aphids to latency in healthy plants. Learn about the transfer of virions and the role of vectors in spreading viruses.
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