30 Questions
What are the primary insect vectors for transmitting plant viruses?
Aphids, beetles, leafhoppers, thrips, and whiteflies
What shapes the efficiency and dynamics of plant virus acquisition and transmission by insect vectors?
Plant virus-insect vector coevolution
What do insect vectors of plant viruses exhibit in terms of host preference?
Innate host preference to optimize fitness
How should insect vector manipulation be viewed?
As a complex of conflicting selection pressures and optimizations between insect vectors and the plant viruses they transmit
What do plant viruses have strategies to manipulate in their insect vectors?
Feeding behavior and oviposition
"Insect vector manipulation" refers to what specific action by plant viruses?
"Manipulating feeding and oviposition of their insect vector in ways that enhance fitness of a plant virus"
Under what conditions may duration of probing events be altered in insect vectors transmitting plant viruses?
Both choice- and no-choice conditions
What may not always align with host adaptation of the plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors?
Fitness optimization of the insect vectors' offspring
What is likely shaped by plant virus-insect vector coevolution?
Efficiency and dynamics of virus acquisition and transmission by insect vectors
What have several important reviews described regarding plant pathogenic microorganisms?
Manipulations of both host plants and insect vectors by them
Which plant species was used in the dual-choice experiments to investigate probing and oviposition preference of beet leafhoppers?
Ribwort plantain
What was the preferred plant species of the beet leafhopper in the dual-choice experiments?
Ribwort plantain
What method was used to confirm BCTV infection in sugar beet plants and beet leafhoppers?
PCR-based method
In which type of cages were the colonies of non-viruliferous and viruliferous beet leafhoppers maintained?
Mesh cages
What was the ratio of pumice, sand, sphagnum peat moss, and redwood sawdust used for growing barley, ribwort plantain, and tomato?
1:1:1:1
Where were the colonies of non-viruliferous and viruliferous beet leafhoppers originally obtained from?
University of California, Davis
What was the temperature range in the greenhouses where the colonies were maintained?
25 ± 5 °C and 80 ± 10% relative humidity
What type of fertilizer was used for watering the plants?
Soluble N-P-K fertilizer
At what age were the plants used for all experiments?
Two months old
What did the dual-choice experiments involve comparing?
Tomato vs. ribwort plantain
How does Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) manipulate its vector, Western flower thrips?
Increase frequency of leaf probing events
What is the characteristic of non-persistently transmitted plant viruses?
Transmitted during brief probing events
How does Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) manipulate its insect vector, green peach aphids?
Prefer infected plants for oviposition
What is the effect of TYLCV, a persistently transmitted plant virus, on its vector Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean?
Lay more eggs and gain more weight when feeding on infected plants
What is trap cropping in a managed cropping system?
A decoy plant to attract insect pests and reduce infestation of a main crop
What is the focus of most studies of insect vector manipulation?
Single plant species
What is the transmission manner of beet curly top virus (BCTV) by the beet leafhopper?
Persistent circulative manner
What were the study objectives regarding BCTV and beet leafhoppers?
Experimentally determine if beet leafhoppers carrying BCTV show manipulated probing/oviposition preference or probing behavior on three plant species
What do insect vectors face choices regarding in trap cropping systems?
Feeding and oviposition plants
What is the wide host range characteristic of most plant viruses and their insect vectors?
Most plant viruses and their insect vectors have wide host ranges
Study Notes
- Plant viruses can influence the number and duration of leaf probing events by piercing-sucking insect vectors through manipulation of feeding behavior.
- Non-persistently transmitted plant viruses are transmitted during brief probing events, while persistently transmitted plant viruses require longer-lasting feeding events.
- Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) manipulates probing behavior of its vector, Western flower thrips, resulting in increased frequency of leaf probing events and enhanced transmission.
- Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) manipulates its insect vector, green peach aphids, to prefer infected plants for oviposition.
- TYLCV, a persistently transmitted plant virus, manipulates its vector, Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean, to lay more eggs and gain more weight when feeding on infected plants.
- Trap cropping is a managed cropping system where a given plant species is used as a decoy to attract insect pests and reduce infestation of a main crop.
- Insect vector manipulation can alter the innate host preference of target insect pests in trap cropping systems.
- The study used a phloem-limited plant virus, beet curly top virus (BCTV), and its insect vector, the beet leafhopper, to investigate insect vector manipulation in a model pathosystem.
- The beet leafhopper is the only known vector of BCTV in North America, and BCTV is transmitted in a persistent circulative manner.
- The study objectives were to experimentally determine if beet leafhoppers carrying BCTV show manipulated probing/oviposition preference or probing behavior on three plant species, and to use a simulation model to assess potential effects of insect vector manipulation on BCTV spread in tomato fields with various percentages of barley or ribwort plantain as trap crops.
- Most studies of insect vector manipulation focus on a single plant species, but under real-world conditions, insect vectors face choices regarding feeding and oviposition plants, and most plant viruses and their insect vectors have wide host ranges.
Explore the relationship between plant viruses and insect vectors in the transmission process. Learn about the coevolution and innate host preference of insect vectors and how it impacts the acquisition and transmission of plant viruses.
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