Plant Virus Transmission by Insect Vectors

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary insect vectors for transmitting plant viruses?

Bees, wasps, moths, and butterflies

Ants, earthworms, grasshoppers, and caterpillars

Aphids, beetles, leafhoppers, thrips, and whiteflies (correct)

Dragonflies, mosquitoes, spiders, and ladybugs

What shapes the efficiency and dynamics of plant virus acquisition and transmission by insect vectors?

Genetic modification of plants

Chemical treatments on crops

Climate change and human activity

Plant virus-insect vector coevolution (correct)

What do insect vectors of plant viruses exhibit in terms of host preference?

Random host selection for feeding

Host preference based on size

Innate host preference to optimize fitness (correct)

No host preference at all

How should insect vector manipulation be viewed?

As a complex of conflicting selection pressures and optimizations between insect vectors and the plant viruses they transmit Signup and view all the answers

What do plant viruses have strategies to manipulate in their insect vectors?

Feeding behavior and oviposition Signup and view all the answers

"Insect vector manipulation" refers to what specific action by plant viruses?

"Manipulating feeding and oviposition of their insect vector in ways that enhance fitness of a plant virus" Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions may duration of probing events be altered in insect vectors transmitting plant viruses?

Both choice- and no-choice conditions Signup and view all the answers

What may not always align with host adaptation of the plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors?

Fitness optimization of the insect vectors' offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is likely shaped by plant virus-insect vector coevolution?

Efficiency and dynamics of virus acquisition and transmission by insect vectors Signup and view all the answers

What have several important reviews described regarding plant pathogenic microorganisms?

Manipulations of both host plants and insect vectors by them Signup and view all the answers

Which plant species was used in the dual-choice experiments to investigate probing and oviposition preference of beet leafhoppers?

Ribwort plantain Signup and view all the answers

What was the preferred plant species of the beet leafhopper in the dual-choice experiments?

Ribwort plantain Signup and view all the answers

What method was used to confirm BCTV infection in sugar beet plants and beet leafhoppers?

PCR-based method Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cages were the colonies of non-viruliferous and viruliferous beet leafhoppers maintained?

Mesh cages Signup and view all the answers

What was the ratio of pumice, sand, sphagnum peat moss, and redwood sawdust used for growing barley, ribwort plantain, and tomato?

1:1:1:1 Signup and view all the answers

Where were the colonies of non-viruliferous and viruliferous beet leafhoppers originally obtained from?

University of California, Davis Signup and view all the answers

What was the temperature range in the greenhouses where the colonies were maintained?

25 ± 5 °C and 80 ± 10% relative humidity Signup and view all the answers

What type of fertilizer was used for watering the plants?

Soluble N-P-K fertilizer Signup and view all the answers

At what age were the plants used for all experiments?

Two months old Signup and view all the answers

What did the dual-choice experiments involve comparing?

Tomato vs. ribwort plantain Signup and view all the answers

How does Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) manipulate its vector, Western flower thrips?

Increase frequency of leaf probing events Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of non-persistently transmitted plant viruses?

Transmitted during brief probing events Signup and view all the answers

How does Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) manipulate its insect vector, green peach aphids?

Prefer infected plants for oviposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of TYLCV, a persistently transmitted plant virus, on its vector Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean?

Lay more eggs and gain more weight when feeding on infected plants Signup and view all the answers

What is trap cropping in a managed cropping system?

A decoy plant to attract insect pests and reduce infestation of a main crop Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of most studies of insect vector manipulation?

Single plant species Signup and view all the answers

What is the transmission manner of beet curly top virus (BCTV) by the beet leafhopper?

Persistent circulative manner Signup and view all the answers

What were the study objectives regarding BCTV and beet leafhoppers?

Experimentally determine if beet leafhoppers carrying BCTV show manipulated probing/oviposition preference or probing behavior on three plant species Signup and view all the answers

What do insect vectors face choices regarding in trap cropping systems?

Feeding and oviposition plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the wide host range characteristic of most plant viruses and their insect vectors?

Most plant viruses and their insect vectors have wide host ranges Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant viruses can influence the number and duration of leaf probing events by piercing-sucking insect vectors through manipulation of feeding behavior.
Non-persistently transmitted plant viruses are transmitted during brief probing events, while persistently transmitted plant viruses require longer-lasting feeding events.
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) manipulates probing behavior of its vector, Western flower thrips, resulting in increased frequency of leaf probing events and enhanced transmission.
Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) manipulates its insect vector, green peach aphids, to prefer infected plants for oviposition.
TYLCV, a persistently transmitted plant virus, manipulates its vector, Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean, to lay more eggs and gain more weight when feeding on infected plants.
Trap cropping is a managed cropping system where a given plant species is used as a decoy to attract insect pests and reduce infestation of a main crop.
Insect vector manipulation can alter the innate host preference of target insect pests in trap cropping systems.
The study used a phloem-limited plant virus, beet curly top virus (BCTV), and its insect vector, the beet leafhopper, to investigate insect vector manipulation in a model pathosystem.
The beet leafhopper is the only known vector of BCTV in North America, and BCTV is transmitted in a persistent circulative manner.
The study objectives were to experimentally determine if beet leafhoppers carrying BCTV show manipulated probing/oviposition preference or probing behavior on three plant species, and to use a simulation model to assess potential effects of insect vector manipulation on BCTV spread in tomato fields with various percentages of barley or ribwort plantain as trap crops.
Most studies of insect vector manipulation focus on a single plant species, but under real-world conditions, insect vectors face choices regarding feeding and oviposition plants, and most plant viruses and their insect vectors have wide host ranges.

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Description

Explore the relationship between plant viruses and insect vectors in the transmission process. Learn about the coevolution and innate host preference of insect vectors and how it impacts the acquisition and transmission of plant viruses.