Plant Toxicity and Mushroom Poisoning
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of amatoxins on human physiology?

  • Inhibition of RNA polymerase II (correct)
  • Activation of pyridoxine-requiring enzymes
  • Stimulation of muscarinic receptors
  • Inhibition of cytochrome P-450

Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with muscarine toxicity?

  • Hepatic necrosis
  • CNS hyperexcitability
  • Renal tubular necrosis
  • Abdominal cramps (correct)

What is a significant consequence of reduced GABA concentrations in the brain?

  • Diminished motor coordination
  • Enhanced detoxification functions
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Increased CNS hyperexcitability (correct)

Which toxin primarily affects the renal tubular system while sparing the glomerular apparatus?

<p>2-Orellanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gyromitrins is correct?

<p>They inhibit hepatic cytochrome P-450. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a poisonous plant?

<p>A plant that can cause harm or fatal reactions if ingested in sufficient quantity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What time frame is typical for symptoms of muscarine toxicity to begin after ingestion?

<p>Within 1 hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major risk associated with aspiration pneumonia in mushroom poisonings?

<p>Loss of airway protective reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of mushroom poisoning in humans?

<p>Misidentification of poisonous mushrooms as edible ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of mushroom toxicity symptoms appears between 6-24 hours after ingestion?

<p>Late symptom category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes muscimol's mechanism of action?

<p>It functions as a GABA receptor agonist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the pathophysiology of mushroom toxicity?

<p>The geographic location of mushrooms affects their toxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxins are associated with poisonous mushrooms?

<p>Cyclopeptides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration for symptoms classified under the early symptom category of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Within the first 6 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of hypoxia described in mushroom poisoning cases?

<p>Cerebral edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about processing mushrooms is correct?

<p>Cooking does not guarantee safety from toxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms characterizes the delayed symptom category of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Nephrotoxic syndromes appearing more than 24 hours after ingestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for patients with hypoxia and shock following mushroom poisoning?

<p>Endotracheal intubation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is specifically associated with norleucine and orellanine poisoning?

<p>Renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does activated charcoal play in the treatment of mushroom toxicity?

<p>It interrupts enterohepatic circulation of toxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT treated with benzodiazepines in mushroom toxicity cases?

<p>Respiratory depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conventional treatment for hypoglycemia in mushroom poisoning?

<p>Infusions of 10% dextrose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach is primarily indicated for severe hemolytic anemia following mushroom poisoning?

<p>Blood transfusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases where crystalloid and colloid infusions fail, which medication may be necessary to support blood pressure?

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of amatoxin and gyromitrin poisonings?

<p>Hepatic failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is essential for managing severe poisoning cases exhibiting renal failure?

<p>Hemodialysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for patients at risk of aspiration following mushroom poisoning?

<p>Endotracheal intubation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is treated with benzodiazepines in cases of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Severe hallucinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do multiple doses of activated charcoal have in mushroom poisoning treatment?

<p>Interrupts enterohepatic circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte disturbance can complicate any type of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Hypovolemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be administered to treat hypoglycemia in mushroom poisoning cases?

<p>Dextrose infusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication associated with gyromitrin poisoning?

<p>Methemoglobinemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for mushroom poisoning cases?

<p>Misidentification of poisonous mushrooms for edible ones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of symptoms appears within the first 6 hours after mushroom ingestion?

<p>Neurologic syndromes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the toxins in mushrooms?

<p>Some toxins remain dangerous regardless of processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of amatoxins on cellular processes?

<p>Inhibition of RNA polymerase II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many mushroom species can potentially cause lethality when ingested?

<p>15-20 species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically influences the severity of mushroom poisoning?

<p>The amount of toxin delivered and genetic characteristics of the mushroom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is primarily associated with muscarine toxicity?

<p>Sweating and salivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gyromitrins primarily affect which of the following systems?

<p>Hepatic systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom in the late symptom category of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Gastrointestinal syndromes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mushroom poisoning symptoms is characterized by nephrotoxic syndromes occurring more than 24 hours after ingestion?

<p>Delayed symptom category (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does muscarine toxicity typically begin to show symptoms after ingestion?

<p>Within 1 hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter that is affected by gyromitrins due to pyridoxine inhibition?

<p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a poisonous plant?

<p>A plant that is harmful or fatal when touched or ingested (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the renal effects of 2-Orellanine?

<p>Glomerular sparing with tubular necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical time frame for amatoxins to be detected in urine after ingestion?

<p>90-120 minutes post-ingestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is often used to manage symptoms of muscarine toxicity?

<p>Atropine administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant Toxicity

Harmful effects on organisms from plants consumed or contacted in considerable amounts.

Mushroom Poisoning

Toxicity from ingesting mushrooms with harmful substances.

Mushroom Toxicity Cause

Consumption of toxic mushrooms that resemble edible ones.

Lethal Mushroom Species

A small percentage of mushroom types cause potentially deadly symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Toxicity Severity

Severity varies based on the specific mushroom's toxin, amount consumed, and individual characteristics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Categories

Mushroom poisoning is grouped into categories by when symptoms occur, including early, delayed, and late.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early Mushroom Poisoning

Symptoms like GI distress, allergic reactions, and neurological issues appear within 6 hours of consumption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Toxins

Substances in some mushrooms that cause harm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gyromitrins

A type of toxin that damages the liver, inhibiting key enzymes involved in detoxification and protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amatoxins

Powerful toxins found in certain mushrooms, rapidly absorbed and inhibit RNA polymerase II, stopping protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal tubular necrosis

Specific kidney damage caused by some toxins, targeting the tubules and sparing the glomeruli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscimol/Ibotenic Acid

Mushroom toxins acting as GABA agonists, causing excessive neuronal stimulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscarine

A toxin that stimulates muscarinic receptors, causing parasympathetic effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GABA Agonists

Substances that mimic GABA's effect on the nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatic Necrosis

Liver cell death caused by toxic agents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aspiration Pneumonia

Lung infection due to foreign matter entering the airways, possibly from mushroom poisoning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Complications

Mushroom poisoning can lead to various issues affecting liver, kidneys, brain, and blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatic Failure in Mushroom Poisoning

Amatoxin and gyromitrin poisoning can cause liver failure and low blood sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal Failure in Mushroom Poisoning

Norleucine and orellanine poisoning, and also factors like low blood flow, can cause kidney failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Convulsions from Mushroom Poisoning

Convulsions can result from gyromitrin, or other problems like low oxygen levels and metabolic issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Treatment: Fluid Resuscitation

Treating mushroom poisoning often starts with replacing lost fluids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Treatment: Gut Decontamination

Removing toxins from the gut, like with whole-bowel irrigation, is a key part of mushroom poisoning treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Treatment: Activated Charcoal

Multiple doses of activated charcoal interrupt toxin circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Treatment: Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar is treated by giving high amounts of glucose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Toxicity

Harmful effects when plants are ingested or touched in large quantities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Cause

Eating mushrooms that look like edible ones, but are toxic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Severity

Severity depends on the specific toxin, amount eaten, and the person's body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Categories

Mushroom poisoning grouped by when symptoms appear: Early, Late, Delayed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early Mushroom Poisoning

Gastrointestinal, allergic, or nervous system issues appearing within 6 hours.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Toxins

Substances in mushrooms that cause harm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amatoxin

Strong mushroom toxins that stop protein production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Treatment

Replacing fluids, removing toxins, using activated charcoal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gyromitrin Toxicity

Gyromitrins damage the liver by inhibiting vital enzymes and causing cell death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amatoxin Action

Amatoxins rapidly absorbed, block protein synthesis by targeting RNA polymerase II.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal Tubular Necrosis

Kidney damage where tubules are affected, but glomeruli are mostly spared.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GABA Agonists

Substances that mimic GABA, causing overstimulation in the nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation

Muscarine activates muscarinic (cholinergic) receptors, causing parasympathetic responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Symptoms

Symptoms may include GI distress, sweating, and/or respiratory problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aspiration Pneumonia Risk

Loss of airway reflexes can lead to lung infection in mushroom poisoning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscimol/Ibotenic Acid Effect

These toxins act like GABA to overstimulate nerve cells, leading to convulsions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Complications

Harmful effects to different body systems (liver, kidneys, brain, blood) resulting from eating toxic mushrooms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatic Failure Treatment

Treating liver failure from mushroom poisoning involves rehydration and removing toxins from the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal Failure in Mushroom Poisoning

Kidney failure can be a result of mushroom poisoning, due to toxins or reduced blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Convulsions in Mushroom Poisoning

Unexpected muscle spasms in patients can arise due to specific toxins or other metabolic issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mushroom Poisoning Treatment: Fluid Resuscitation

Replacing lost body fluids is a vital initial step in treating mushroom poisoning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gut Decontamination (Mushroom Poisoning)

Removing toxins from the digestive system (gut) to prevent further absorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Activated Charcoal in Mushroom Poisoning

Using activated charcoal helps stop the absorption of the toxin from the gut, preventing more toxin from circulating throughout the system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypoglycemia Treatment in Poisoning

Low blood sugar from mushroom poisoning is treated with glucose infusions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Plant Toxicity

  • A poisonous plant is one that causes harm or death when ingested or touched in sufficient amounts.
  • Examples include mushrooms, foxglove, castor bean, and tobacco.

Mushroom Poisoning

  • Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi.
  • Mushroom toxicity may result from ingesting mushrooms containing similar-looking but toxic substances.
  • Thousands of mushroom species exist, but only about 100 cause human symptoms, and 15-20 are potentially fatal.
  • There's no simple way to distinguish edible from poisonous mushrooms.
  • Misidentification is the cause of over 95% of mushroom poisoning cases.

Pathophysiology

  • Each toxic mushroom contains one or more toxins.
  • Toxicity severity depends on:
    • The mushroom's origin location.
    • The toxin's amount consumed.
    • The mushroom's genetic characteristics.
  • Cooking, boiling, and freezing don't always reduce toxicity.

Mushroom Poisoning Categories

  • Mushroom poisoning can be categorized based on symptom onset timing:
    • Early symptoms (within 6 hours): gastrointestinal, allergic, and neurologic syndromes
    • Late symptoms (6-24 hours after ingestion): hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic syndromes
    • Delayed symptoms (more than 24 hours): mostly nephrotoxic syndromes

Mushroom Toxins

  • Toxins include:
    • Amatoxins (Cyclopeptides): Powerful, even low doses (0.1 mg/kg) can be lethal. A single, fully grown poisonous mushroom can contain potentially lethal amounts (5-8 mg). These are cyclic octapeptides produced by Amanita species and rapidly absorbed. They can be detected in urine quickly (90-120 minutes). The most significant human toxin is alpha-amatoxin, which inhibits RNA polymerase II and protein synthesis.
    • Gyromitrins (Monomethylhydrazine): Inhibit various hepatic systems, including cytochrome P-450 and glutathione, and cause hepatic necrosis. Inhibit pyridoxine-requiring enzymes (GABA) leading to nervous system hyperexcitability and seizures.
    • Orellanine: Primarily affects the renal tubules, causing necrosis without significant damage to the glomeruli.
    • Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid: Structurally similar to GABA, they act as agonists, leading to nervous system effects.
    • Norleucine (Nephrotoxins): Cause primarily renal failure.
    • Muscarine: Stimulates postganglionic cholinergic receptors, causing parasympathetic overstimulation—symptoms like sweating, flushing, salivation, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and miosis.

Complications of Mushroom Toxicity

  • Respiratory: Aspiration pneumonia due to loss of airway protective reflexes.
  • Neurologic: Seizures, hypoxia, acidosis, and cerebral edema.
  • Hepatic: Hepatic failure and hypoglycemia (associated with amatoxin and gyromitrin poisonings)
  • Renal: Renal failure, often associated with norleucine and orellanine poisoning. Also from hypoperfusion and shock.
  • Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia and hemolysis (with gyromitrin poisoning).
  • Others: Trauma, hypovolemia, and electrolyte imbalances (often with hallucinogenic mushrooms).

Treatment of Mushroom Toxicity

  • General measures: Early volume resuscitation (fluid replacement), gut decontamination (e.g., whole-bowel irrigation), multiple doses of activated charcoal to interrupt enterohepatic circulation.
  • Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation: For those at risk of aspiration or with hypoxia, acidosis, and shock.
  • Specific treatments:
    • Agitation: Benzodiazepines.
    • Severe muscarinic symptoms: Atropine infusions
    • Disulfiram-containing mushrooms: Fomepizole (blocks alcohol dehydrogenase)
    • Renal failure: Hemodialysis.
    • Blood transfusions: In cases of fluid overload, severe hyperkalemia, acidosis, hemorrhagic diarrhea, blood loss, and severe hemolytic anemia).
    • Blood pressure support: Dopamine and norepinephrine (when other fluids fail).
    • Hypoglycemia: 10% dextrose infusions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Plant Toxicity Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz explores the dangers of plant toxicity, focusing particularly on poisonous mushrooms. Learn about the characteristics, pathophysiology, and categories of mushroom poisoning, as well as the critical importance of correctly identifying edible and poisonous fungi. Test your knowledge and ensure you stay safe in nature.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser