Mushroom Toxicity and Plant Poisoning
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Questions and Answers

What is defined as a poisonous plant?

  • A plant that has only non-toxic characteristics
  • A plant that can cause harm or fatal reactions when touched or ingested (correct)
  • A plant that grows in all geographic locations
  • A plant that is always safe in small quantities

What is the primary cause of mushroom poisoning in over 95% of cases?

  • Ingesting mushrooms after freezing them
  • Eating mushrooms that are too large
  • Consumption of mushrooms without cooking them
  • Incorrect identification of poisonous mushrooms as edible (correct)

Which factor does NOT influence the severity of mushroom poisoning?

  • Cooking method of the mushroom (correct)
  • Geographic location of the mushroom
  • Genetic characteristics of the mushroom
  • Amount of toxin delivered

What is classified under the late symptom category of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Hepatotoxic syndromes appearing between 6-24 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of mushroom poison symptoms based on the time of onset?

<p>Immediate symptom category (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many mushroom species are potentially lethal when ingested?

<p>15-20 species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxins do some mushrooms contain?

<p>Amatoxins - Cyclopeptides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes early symptom category for mushroom poisoning?

<p>Includes gastrointestinal symptoms within the first 6 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of gyromitrins on the body?

<p>Inhibition of hepatic systems and necrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do amatoxins have on protein synthesis?

<p>They inhibit RNA polymerase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with muscarine poisoning?

<p>Diarrhea and miosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How soon can amatoxins be detected in urine after ingestion?

<p>Within 90-120 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors does muscarine primarily stimulate?

<p>M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lethal dose of amatoxins based on body weight?

<p>0.1 mg/kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main organ affected by 2-orellanine?

<p>Kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from mushroom poisoning that affects the respiratory system?

<p>Aspiration pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication is associated with gyromitrin poisoning that may lead to convulsions?

<p>Hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is crucial for reversing hepatic and renal toxic syndromes following mushroom poisoning?

<p>Early volume resuscitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of norleucine and orellanine poisoning?

<p>Renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be administered to patients showing symptoms of severe muscarinic effects from mushroom toxicity?

<p>Atropine infusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment for mushroom poisoning complications?

<p>High-dose aspirin administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of hypoglycemia following mushroom poisoning, what is the proper treatment?

<p>Infusion of 10% dextrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may necessitate hemodialysis during mushroom toxicity treatment?

<p>Acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for patients who are at risk of aspiration due to mushroom poisoning?

<p>Endotracheal intubation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms included in the early symptom category of mushroom poisoning?

<p>Gastrointestinal, allergic, and neurologic syndromes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the late symptom category for mushroom poisoning?

<p>Symptoms can include hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic syndromes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT relevant to the severity of mushroom poisoning?

<p>The amount of time since ingestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical process of misidentification that leads to mushroom poisoning?

<p>Identifying poisonous mushrooms as edible ones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a mushroom toxin?

<p>Cyclopeptides (Amatoxins) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cooking methods like boiling or freezing affect mushroom toxicity?

<p>They may not affect some mushrooms' toxicity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which observation about gastrointestinal symptoms in mushroom poisoning is correct?

<p>They are exclusive to the early symptom category. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of poisoning may include nephrotoxic syndromes appearing after a substantial delay?

<p>Delayed symptom category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is specifically associated with gyromitrin poisoning?

<p>Methemoglobinemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering multiple doses of activated charcoal in mushroom poisoning cases?

<p>To interrupt enterohepatic circulation of toxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is indicated for severe muscle symptoms resulting from hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning?

<p>Benzodiazepines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the treatment of mushroom toxicity, what should be monitored to decide on the necessity of hemodialysis?

<p>Fluid overload and severe hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus in the early management of liver and renal toxic syndromes caused by mushroom poisoning?

<p>Early volume resuscitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly treated with fomepizole in cases of severe mushroom poisoning?

<p>Toxic aldehyde formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is recommended for hypoglycemia resulting from mushroom poisoning?

<p>Infusion of 10% dextrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of norleucine and orellanine poisoning?

<p>Renal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect of amatoxins primarily affects cellular function?

<p>Inhibition of RNA polymerase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristic symptoms associated with muscarine poisoning?

<p>Diarrhea and miosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which gyromitrins cause convulsions?

<p>Inhibition of pyridoxine-requiring enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the time frame for symptom onset in muscarine poisoning?

<p>Symptoms usually develop within 1 hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of 2-orellanine's effect on the kidneys?

<p>Necrosis with relative sparing of the glomeruli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors does muscarine primarily stimulate in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Muscarinic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum lethal dose of amatoxins in humans, based on body weight?

<p>0.1 mg/kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from the loss of airway protective reflexes due to mushroom poisoning?

<p>Aspiration pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant Toxicity

Poisonous plants, ingested or touched in sufficient quantity, can harm or kill organisms.

Mushroom Poisoning

Toxicity resulting from eating mushrooms containing toxins, often misidentified as edible species.

Mushroom Toxicity Cases

Most mushroom poisoning cases are caused by misidentifying non-edible mushrooms as edible ones.

Mushroom Toxin Variation

Mushroom toxicity depends on factors like location, amount consumed, and the mushroom's genetic makeup.

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Mushroom Toxicity Time

Mushroom poisoning symptoms can appear in different timeframes post-ingestion (early, late, or delayed).

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Early Symptom Category

Gastrointestinal, allergic, and neurological symptoms appearing within the first 6 hours after ingestion.

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Late Symptom Category

Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic symptoms developing between 6 and 24 hours post-ingestion.

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Delayed Symptom Category

Mostly nephrotoxic symptoms appearing more than 24 hours after ingestion.

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Gyromitrin effect

Gyromitrin (monomethylhydrazine) inhibits liver enzymes, damaging the liver and increasing brain activity, leading to convulsions.

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2-Orellanine's effect

2-Orellanine damages kidney tubules, sparing the glomerular filtration system.

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Muscimol/Ibotenic acid effect

Structurally like GABA, they activate GABA receptors, leading to excessive nervous system activity.

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Amatoxin's mechanism

Amatoxins, found in certain mushrooms, inhibit protein synthesis by blocking RNA polymerase II.

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Amatoxin toxicity

Extremely potent liver toxin, even small amounts can be fatal; these toxins are detected quickly in urine after ingestion.

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Muscarine effect

Muscarine activates postganglionic cholinergic receptors, triggering a parasympathetic response.

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Muscarine symptoms

Muscarine causes sweating, flushing, salivation, and other cholinergic symptoms, potentially followed by low blood pressure and heart rate.

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Mushroom poisoning respiratory complication

Mushroom poisoning can cause aspiration pneumonia due to loss of airway protective reflexes.

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Mushroom Poisoning Complications

Problems like liver failure, kidney failure, and seizures can arise from eating poisonous mushrooms.

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Early Mushroom Treatment

Quickly restoring fluids (rehydration) and removing toxins from the gut are crucial in the beginning stages.

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Activated Charcoal Use

Repeated doses of activated charcoal are used to block the body from absorbing more toxins.

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Hypoxia / Acidosis Treatment

Breathing support (intubation, ventilation) is critical for people with low oxygen and/or high acidity.

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Hallucinogenic Mushroom Treatment

To calm agitated patients having hallucination problems, benzodiazepines are used.

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Severe Muscarinic Symptoms Treatment

Low doses of atropine can be used to control intense symptoms from some mushroom toxins.

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Renal Failure Treatment

Hemodialysis may be needed if kidneys fail due to some mushroom poisons.

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Blood Pressure Support

If fluids don't work for blood pressure, dopamine and norepinephrine can help.

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Plant Toxicity Definition

A plant that causes harm or death to living things when consumed or touched in sufficient quantity.

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Mushroom Poisoning Cause

Ingestion of poisonous mushrooms, often mistaken for edible ones.

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Mushroom Toxicity Variation

Mushroom toxicity depends on factors like the location, amount consumed, and the mushroom's genetics.

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Mushroom Poisoning Time Types

Mushroom poisoning symptoms can appear in early, late, and delayed time frames after ingestion.

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Early Mushroom Symptoms

Gastrointestinal, allergic, and neurological symptoms appearing within the first 6 hours of mushroom ingestion.

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Amatoxin Toxicity

Amatoxins are extremely potent liver toxins; even small amounts can be fatal; these toxins are detected quickly in urine after ingestion.

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Mushroom Poisoning Treatment Basics

Quickly restoring fluids (rehydration) and removing toxins from the gut are crucial in the initial stages of treatment.

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Mushroom Poisoning Classification

Time from ingestion to symptom development categorizes early, late, and delayed symptom categories.

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Gyromitrin's effect

Gyromitrin damages the liver and causes brain overactivity, leading to seizures.

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2-Orellanine's effect

2-Orellanine harms kidney tubules, but not the glomeruli.

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Muscimol/Ibotenic acid action

These toxins mimic GABA, overstimulating the nervous system.

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Amatoxin mechanism

Amatoxin blocks protein production by stopping RNA polymerase II.

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Amatoxin toxicity

Amatoxin is extremely poisonous, even small amounts can be deadly.

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Muscarine effect

Muscarine activates the cholinergic nervous system, causing parasympathetic responses.

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Muscarine symptoms

Muscarine causes excessive saliva, sweating, and other parasympathetic responses.

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Mushroom respiratory complication

Mushroom poisoning can lead to aspiration pneumonia due to loss of airway reflexes.

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Mushroom Poisoning - Early Treatment

Early treatment involves fluid replenishment and gut decontamination to remove toxins.

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Activated Charcoal Use

Repeated doses of activated charcoal interrupt toxin absorption in the gut.

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Hypoxia / Acidosis Treatment

Breathing support (intubation and ventilation) is vital for low oxygen or high acidity levels.

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Hallucinogenic Mushroom Treatment

Benzodiazepines calm agitation and hallucinations stemming from hallucinogenic mushrooms.

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Severe Muscarinic Symptoms - Treatment

Treating severe symptoms from some mushroom toxins involves low doses of atropine.

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Renal Failure Treatment

Hemodialysis may be needed if kidneys fail due to some types of mushroom poisoning.

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Blood Pressure Support

Dopamine and norepinephrine may be used to restore blood pressure when other methods are ineffective.

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Hypoglycemia Treatment

Infusions of 10% dextrose are used to treat low blood sugar.

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Study Notes

Plant Toxicity

  • A poisonous plant is one that, when touched or ingested in sufficient quantities, is harmful or fatal to an organism.
  • Examples of poisonous plants include mushrooms, foxglove, castor beans, and tobacco.

Mushroom Poisoning

  • Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of higher fungi.
  • Mushroom toxicity arises from the ingestion of mushrooms containing toxins, sometimes resembling non-toxic mushrooms.
  • Thousands of mushroom species exist; however, only about 100 cause symptoms in humans, with 15-20 species being potentially lethal.
  • There is no simple way to distinguish edible from poisonous mushrooms, with misidentification being a major cause of poisoning (over 95% of cases).

Pathophysiology of Mushroom Poisoning

  • Each poisonous mushroom species contains one or more toxins.
  • Severity varies based on: geographic location of growth, amount of toxin ingested, and genetic characteristics of the mushroom.
  • Cooking, freezing, or other processing methods may not affect the toxin's potency.
  • Mushroom poisoning can be categorized based on the time from ingestion to symptom development: early (within 6 hours), late (6-24 hours), and delayed (over 24 hours).
  • Early symptoms often involve gastrointestinal, allergic, and neurological issues; late symptoms may include liver or kidney damage; and delayed symptoms often focus on kidney problems.

Mushroom Toxins

  • Common mushroom toxins include:
    • Amatoxins (cyclopeptides): extremely potent, with amounts as low as 0.1 mg/kg being lethal. A single, full-grown Amanita phalloides mushroom (20 grams) often contains 5-8 mg of amatoxin. Amatoxins are cyclic octapeptides produced by Amanita species and are absorbed rapidly in the gastrointestinal tract. They can be detected in the urine within 90-120 minutes after ingestion. The primary effect is inhibiting RNA polymerase II, crucial for protein synthesis.
    • Gyromitrin (monomethylhydrazine): inhibits various liver systems, pyridoxine-dependent enzymes. Reduced GABA causes hyperexcitability and seizures.
    • Orellanine: primarily affects kidney tubules, causing necrosis.
    • Muscimol and Ibotenic acid: structually similar to GABA and acts as GABA agonists.
    • Norleucine: nephrotoxic (kidney damaging).
    • Muscarine: stimulates muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system leading to cholinergic symptoms (sweating, facial flushing, salivation, etc.) and lasts for a few hours.

Complications of Mushroom Poisoning

  • Respiratory: Aspiration pneumonia is possible due to loss of airway reflexes.
  • Neurological: Convulsions, hypoxia, acidosis, and cerebral edema are possible complications.
  • Hepatic: Hepatic failure and hypoglycemia can result, particularly from amatoxin and gyromitrin poisonings.
  • Renal: Renal failure may arise from norleucine and orellanine poisoning due to hypoperfusion or shock.
  • Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia and hemolysis are possible complications from gyromitrin poisoning.
  • Other: Trauma, hypovolemia, and electrolyte imbalances may occur with other types of mushroom toxicity.

Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning

  • Early Treatment: Fluid resuscitation, whole-bowel irrigation, and repeated high-dose activated charcoal administration are crucial to halt enterohepatic circulation of toxins.
  • Endotracheal Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation: Indicated in patients at risk of aspiration, hypoxia, or shock.
  • Specific Treatments:
    • Agitation: Treat with benzodiazepines.
    • Severe cholinergic symptoms: Address by administering atropine infusion.
    • Disulfiram poisoning: Fomepizole which blocks alcohol dehydrogenase is effective.
    • Renal failure: Hemodialysis may be necessary.
    • Fluid overload: Diuresis or dialysis.
    • Severe hyperkalemia: Treatment tailored to the patient condition.
    • Hypoglycemia: 10% dextrose infusions.
    • Low blood pressure: Support with dopamine and/or norepinephrine.

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Plant Toxicity Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz explores the dangers of toxic plants and the specific risks associated with mushroom poisoning. Learn about various poisonous species, their pathophysiology, and the importance of correct identification to prevent toxic reactions. Test your knowledge on this crucial topic for safety and health.

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