Plant Toxicity and Mushroom Poisoning
24 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which complication is specifically associated with gyromitrin poisoning?

  • Hemolysis (correct)
  • Renal failure
  • Hepatic failure
  • Cerebral edema

    • What is the primary treatment for severe muscarinic symptoms in mushroom poisoning?

  • Atropine infusion (correct)
  • Fomepizole
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Activated charcoal

    • In the treatment of renal failure caused by norleucine poisoning, what intervention may be necessary?

  • Hemodialysis (correct)
  • Gut decontamination
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Blood transfusion

    • What should be administered repeatedly to interrupt enterohepatic circulation of toxins in mushroom poisoning?

    <p>Activated charcoal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is suggested for patients at risk of aspiration due to mushroom poisoning?

    <p>Endotracheal intubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can arise from amatoxin and gyromitrin poisonings?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial treatment is recommended for patients experiencing liver and renal toxic syndromes from mushroom poisoning?

    <p>Early volume resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for hypoglycemia in mushroom poisoning cases?

    <p>10% dextrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of gyromitrins in the body?

    <p>Inhibit cytochrome P-450 and glutathione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is affected by gyromitrins that leads to CNS hyperexcitability?

    <p>Pyridoxine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of 2-Orellanine in the body?

    <p>Causes renal tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lethal dose of amatoxins?

    <p>0.1 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a poisonous plant?

    <p>A plant that can cause harm or fatality when ingested in sufficient quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does muscarine have on the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Stimulates M1 and M2 cholinergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mushroom poisoning in humans?

    <p>Misidentification of poisonous mushrooms as edible ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How soon after ingestion of muscarine-containing mushrooms do symptoms typically appear?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the severity of mushroom poisoning?

    <p>The age of the mushroom at harvest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may result from mushroom poisoning affecting respiratory function?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of mushroom poisoning symptoms appears within the first 6 hours after ingestion?

    <p>Gastrointestinal and neurologic syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of alpha-amatoxin in the body?

    <p>RNA polymerase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a mushroom toxin?

    <p>Amatoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mushroom species are known to cause symptoms in humans when ingested?

    <p>100 species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially alter the toxicity of some mushrooms?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptoms are categorized as late symptoms of mushroom poisoning?

    <p>Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Toxicity

    • A poisonous plant is one that, in sufficient amounts, causes harm or death to an organism.
    • Examples include mushrooms, foxglove, castor beans, and tobacco.

    Mushroom Poisoning

    • Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi.
    • Toxicity occurs after ingestion of mushrooms containing toxins.
    • Many mushroom species look similar but have vastly different toxicities.
    • Approximately 100 species of mushrooms can cause symptoms in humans.
    • Only 15-20 species are considered potentially lethal when ingested.
    • There's no simple way to distinguish safe from poisonous mushrooms.

    Pathophysiology

    • Each poisonous mushroom contains one or more toxins.
    • Mushroom poisoning severity depends on the mushroom species, location where grown, amount of toxin, and recipient's genetics.
    • Cooking, freezing, boiling, or processing does not always eliminate toxicity.
    • Poisoning is categorized by the time from ingestion to symptom onset:
      • Early: first 6 hours. (gastrointestinal, allergic, or neurological)
      • Late: between 6-24 hours. (hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic)
      • Delayed: more than 24 hours. (mostly nephrotoxic syndromes)

    Mushroom Toxins

    • Several toxins exist, including:
      • Amatoxins (Cyclopeptides): powerful toxins. 0.1 mg/kg can be lethal. A single mature specimen of Amanita phalloides (death cap) can contain 5-8 mg of amatoxin and is potentially lethal. They are cyclic octapeptides synthesized by Amanita species. Amatoxins are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. They can be detected in urine as early as 90-120 minutes after ingestion. The major toxic action of amatoxins is inhibition of RNA polymerase II, leading to protein synthesis blockage.
      • Gyromitrins (monomethylhydrazine): inhibit numerous hepatic systems (including cytochrome P450 and glutathione). Cause hepatic necrosis. Inhibit pyridoxine kinase which is involved in GABA production, leading to CNS hyperexcitability and seizures.
      • Orellanine: primarily affects the renal tubules, causing necrosis with relative sparing of the glomeruli.
      • Muscimol and ibotenic acid: related to GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), acting as GABA receptor agonists. The similar structure allows for mimicking GABA and acting on GABA receptor sites in the nervous system.
      • Norleucine: nephrotoxic.
      • Muscarine: stimulates M1 & M2 muscarinic receptors. Produces cholinergic symptoms like sweating, facial flushing, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, urination, and miosis.

    Complications

    • Respiratory: Aspiration pneumonia is a possible complication.
    • Neurologic: Convulsions, cerebral edema, hypoxia, acidosis, or trauma.
    • Hepatic: Failure and hypoglycemia.
    • Renal: Failure, hypoperfusion, and shock.
    • Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia, hemolysis,
    • Other: Trauma, hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances.

    Treatment

    • Early volume resuscitation (fluid rehydration) crucial for liver and renal problems.
    • Gut decontamination: Whole bowel irrigation.
    • Multiple doses of activated charcoal: Interrupts enterohepatic circulation.
    • Endotracheal intubation: Risk of aspiration, needed for hypoxia, acidemia, and shock, mechanical ventilation.
    • Agitation: Benzodiazepines.
    • Severe muscarinic symptoms: Atropine.
    • Disulfiram-containing mushrooms: Fomepizole (blocks alcohol dehydrogenase).
    • Severe renal failure: Hemodialysis.
    • Severe hyperkalemia or fluid overload: Dialysis
    • Blood transfusions: for severe hemolytic anemia, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and blood loss.
    • Blood pressure support: Dopamine and norepinephrine if crystalloid and colloid infusions fail
    • Hypoglycemia: 10% dextrose infusions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Plant Toxicity Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the dangers of poisonous plants and mushrooms in this quiz. Learn about the specific toxins present in various mushrooms and the potential effects of ingestion. Understand the factors influencing mushroom toxicity and why cooking does not always eliminate danger.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser