Plant Tissues Overview
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Plant Tissues Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of parenchyma tissue is characterized by extensive connected air spaces, often found in aquatic plants?

  • Sclerenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Aerenchyma (correct)
  • Chlorenchyma

    • Which type of tissue contains cells that are typically dead at maturity and have thick secondary walls impregnated with lignin?

  • Parenchyma
  • Aerenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma (correct)
  • Collenchyma

    • What characteristic is true for collenchyma cells?

  • They have thick walls that are uniformly thick.
  • They have living cytoplasm and provide rigid support.
  • They are primarily for storage and can contain chloroplasts.
  • They may remain alive for a long time and are pliable. (correct)

    • Which type of sclerenchyma cell is characterized by being as long as wide and includes stone cells?

    <p>Sclereids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of fibers found in sclerenchyma tissue?

    <p>They contain a central cavity and are longer than wide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tissue in the context of plant biology?

    <p>A group of cells performing a similar function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are apical meristems located?

    <p>At the tips of roots and shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are complex tissues primarily composed of?

    <p>Two or more kinds of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth do apical meristems contribute to in plants?

    <p>Primary growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes meristematic tissues?

    <p>Regions of growth and active cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the transportation of water and minerals in plants?

    <p>Xylem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is mainly found in the periderm of woody plants?

    <p>Cork cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary meristem is responsible for forming the protective outer layer of the plant?

    <p>Protoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true of vessel elements in xylem?

    <p>Are open at both ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells change as they mature in meristematic tissues?

    <p>They become more elongated and vacuoles increase in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissues do primary meristems produce?

    <p>Primary tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the epidermis serve in plants?

    <p>Regulate gas movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options represents one of the three basic tissue patterns found in roots and stems?

    <p>Woody dicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about tracheids?

    <p>Have pairs of pits for water transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are vascular tissues predominantly produced in woody plants?

    <p>Vascular cambium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cork cells play in the structure of plants?

    <p>Protect plant organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do rays primarily serve in woody plants?

    <p>Lateral conduction and food storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells compose the phloem?

    <p>Sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true of sieve tube members?

    <p>They are connected end to end forming sieve tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the epidermis in plants?

    <p>Protection of plant organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the epidermis helps prevent water loss?

    <p>Cutin and wax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes companion cells?

    <p>They are narrow and tapered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the cuticle formed by cutin and wax?

    <p>Reduces water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures may produce root hairs?

    <p>Root epidermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of trichomes on above ground parts of plants?

    <p>Protect against herbivory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of periderm in plants?

    <p>Cork cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lenticels play in plant physiology?

    <p>Facilitate gaseous exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of secretory cells or tissues?

    <p>They are primarily composed of dead cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of meristematic tissues are responsible for the lengthening of plant organs?

    <p>Apical Meristems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure facilitates the regulation of gas exchange in leaves?

    <p>Stomata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance do cork cells secrete into their walls to make them waterproof?

    <p>Suberin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant tissue involves a mix of living and dead cells that conducts photosynthesis and provides storage?

    <p>Complex tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Tissues

    • Plants have major organs: roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
    • Tissues are composed of cells performing the same function
    • An organ can have more than one tissue

    Roots and Stems

    • Roots and stems possess three main tissue patterns:
      • Woody dicots
      • Herbaceous dicots
      • Monocots

    Meristematic Tissues

    • Meristems: permanent regions of growth and active cell division
    • Cells are typically small, box-like, with large nuclei and absent vacuoles
    • When maturing, cells change shape, vacuoles grow larger, occupying up to 90% of the cell's volume

    Apical Meristems

    • Located at the tips of roots and shoots
    • Roots and shoots increase in length due to apical meristems producing new cells (primary growth)
    • Embryo leaves, buds, and three primary meristems develop from apical meristems

    Primary Meristems

    • Primary meristems are called:
      • Protoderm
      • Ground Meristem
      • Procambium
    • Primary meristems produce primary tissues

    Simple Tissues

    • Parenchyma: most common tissue, living, loosely packed cells with large vacuoles
      • Function: storage & photosynthesis
    • Collenchyma: flexible support tissue, living cells with unevenly thickened walls
      • Function: support growing organs
    • Sclerenchyma: dead, rigid support tissue, cells with thick walls impregnated with lignin
      • Function: strength and support
      • Composed of two types: sclereids and fibers

    Sclereids

    • Scattered in tissues, cells as long as they are wide
    • Include stone cells

    Fibers

    • Found in fruits, stems, leaves, and roots
    • Much longer than width and contain a lumen (tiny cavity)
    • Used by humans for ropes, string, canvas, and textiles

    Complex Tissues

    • Complex tissues are made of two or more distinct cell types
    • Some complex tissues are produced by apical meristems
    • Include xylem, phloem, epidermis, and periderm

    Xylem and Phloem

    • Transport water, ions, and soluble food throughout plants
    • In woody plants, complex vascular tissues are produced by the vascular cambium

    Epidermis

    • Protective outer layer, single-cell thick, covering all plant organs
    • Composed of parenchyma or parenchyma-like cells
    • Contains specialized cells regulating gas movement, glands, hairs, and crystal-isolating cells

    Periderm

    • Outer bark of woody plants, mainly composed of cork cells
    • Contains parenchyma-like cell pockets

    Xylem

    • Primary tissue conducting water and minerals absorbed by roots
    • Includes parenchyma cells, vessels, tracheids, fibres, and ray cells

    Vessels

    • Long tubes made of vessel elements
    • Vessel elements:
      • Thick secondary cell walls
      • Open at both ends
      • Walls develop irregularly
      • Perforation plate between end walls

    Tracheids

    • Tapered at the ends with pairs of pits allowing water passage
    • Pits: Areas without secondary cell walls
    • Dead at maturity
    • Thick secondary cell walls
    • May have spiral thickenings on the cell wall

    Rays

    • Function in lateral conduction and food storage
    • Composed of parenchyma cells
    • Produced horizontally by ray initials of vascular cambium
    • Radiate from the center of woody plants

    Phloem

    • Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis
    • Contains sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells, and ray cells

    Companion Cells and Sieve Tube Members

    • Companion cells: narrow, tapered cells attached to sieve tube members
    • Sieve tube members:
      • Lack secondary cell walls and nuclei
      • Form sieve tubes
      • Walls have sieve plates with pores
      • Callose forms callus plugs to prevent leakage when injured

    Epidermis

    • Protective layer one-cell thick, covering all plant organs

    Components of the Epidermis

    • Usually one-cell thick
    • May be multi-layered in some plants
    • Cutin: fatty substance on the epidermis surface forming cuticle
    • Wax secreted on the cuticle
    • Cuticle and wax prevent water loss and protect from bacteria and disease organisms

    Other Epidermal Components

    • Root epidermal cells produce root hairs, increasing root absorptive area
    • Above-ground plant parts may have trichomes, outgrowths of one to several cells

    Stomata and Other Modifications

    • Leaves have stomata bordered by pairs of guard cells

    Glands or Modified Hairs

    • Modified epidermal cells function as glands or hairs

    Periderm

    • Replaces the epidermis when cork cambium begins producing new tissue
    • Outer bark, primarily composed of cork cells
    • Dead at maturity
    • While alive, cytoplasm secretes suberin (fatty substance) into walls, making cork cells waterproof and protecting phloem

    Lenticels

    • Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells formed by cork cambium, protruding through the periderm
    • Allow for gaseous exchange

    Secretory Cells and Tissues

    • Secretory cells can function individually or as part of a secretory tissue
    • Examples: flower nectar, citrus oils, glandular hair mucilage, latex, resins

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    Related Documents

    Plant Biology Lecture Outline on Tissues PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of plant tissues, including the major organs of plants and their tissue patterns. You'll learn about meristematic tissues, apical meristems, and the types of primary meristems that contribute to plant growth. Test your knowledge on how these components function together to support plant life.

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