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Questions and Answers
What term describes the development of shoots or roots from points other than zygotic origin?
What term describes the development of shoots or roots from points other than zygotic origin?
Which auxin is commonly used in plant tissue culture for root initiation?
Which auxin is commonly used in plant tissue culture for root initiation?
What is a characteristic feature of a clonal propagation?
What is a characteristic feature of a clonal propagation?
What does aseptic culture aim to prevent?
What does aseptic culture aim to prevent?
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What describes a type of cell suspension culture that maintains constant growth rate and density?
What describes a type of cell suspension culture that maintains constant growth rate and density?
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What type of mass is produced by callus tissue?
What type of mass is produced by callus tissue?
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What term is used for the development of a plant in vitro from a male gametophyte?
What term is used for the development of a plant in vitro from a male gametophyte?
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Which term describes a tissue that is not genetically homogeneous?
Which term describes a tissue that is not genetically homogeneous?
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What term describes a plant that has been confirmed to be free of pathogens?
What term describes a plant that has been confirmed to be free of pathogens?
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Which of the following best defines cytokinins?
Which of the following best defines cytokinins?
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What does the term 'friable' refer to in plant tissue culture?
What does the term 'friable' refer to in plant tissue culture?
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What is the primary focus of embryogenesis in plant tissue culture?
What is the primary focus of embryogenesis in plant tissue culture?
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Which of the following best describes a heterokaryon?
Which of the following best describes a heterokaryon?
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What does 'in vivo' refer to in the context of plant tissue culture?
What does 'in vivo' refer to in the context of plant tissue culture?
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What is the role of the inoculum in tissue culture?
What is the role of the inoculum in tissue culture?
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What does 'habituated' mean in the context of plant tissue culture?
What does 'habituated' mean in the context of plant tissue culture?
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What does germplasm refer to in plant breeding?
What does germplasm refer to in plant breeding?
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What is meristemoid in the context of plant tissue culture?
What is meristemoid in the context of plant tissue culture?
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Which of the following defines 'embryoid' in plant tissue culture?
Which of the following defines 'embryoid' in plant tissue culture?
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Which process involves the maintenance of organ primordia without forming callus tissue?
Which process involves the maintenance of organ primordia without forming callus tissue?
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What is plating efficiency in tissue culture?
What is plating efficiency in tissue culture?
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What defines a primary culture in plant tissue culture?
What defines a primary culture in plant tissue culture?
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What does morphogenesis entail in plant tissue culture?
What does morphogenesis entail in plant tissue culture?
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What is the significance of the nutrient medium in plant tissue culture?
What is the significance of the nutrient medium in plant tissue culture?
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Study Notes
Adventitious Development
- Shoots, roots, or other organs develop from unusual origins
- In tissue culture, shoots/roots from callus tissue, embryos from sources besides zygotes
Adventive Embryony
- Embryo formation/development from asexual cells
- Occurs in some Rutaceae members
Androgenesis
- Plant development in vitro from male gametophytes
Apical Meristem
- Small group of meristematic cells at shoot/root tips
- Precursors of shoot and root structures
Aseptic Culture
- Culture without unwanted organisms
- Purposeful culture of plant cells, tissues without bacterial/fungal contamination
Aseptic Techniques
- Methods to prevent microbial entry into cell/tissue/organ cultures
Auxins
- Plant growth hormones
- Cause cell elongation, apical dominance, root initiation
- Examples: 2,4-D, IAA, NAA, IBA
Batch Culture
- Cell suspension culture
- Cells/small aggregates grow in a set volume of nutrient medium
Callus Tissue
- Unorganized mass of proliferative cells
- Forms in cultures or naturally
Cell Culture
- Maintaining cells (including single cells) in vitro
- Cells no longer organized into tissues
Chemostat
- Cell suspension culture
- Maintains constant growth rate/cell density through controlled nutrient input
Chimera
- Organism/tissue with non-uniform genetics
Clonal Propagation
- In vitro propagation of genetically uniform plants from single individuals/explants
Clone
- Group of genetically identical individuals from a single explant
Cybrid
- Result of protoplast fusion, where nuclei may or may not fuse, and cytoplasm remains fused (potentially a cytoplasmic hybrid)
Cytodifferentiation
- In vitro vascular differentiation, especially xylem elements in callus
Cytokinins
- Plant growth hormones stimulating cell division and sometimes enlargement
- Promote organ formation from undifferentiated callus
Differentiation
- Cellular/tissue/organ change leading to variations in structure/function
Disease-Free Plants
- Plants certified pathogen-free through tests
Embryo Culture
- In vitro culture of isolated mature/immature zygotic embryos
Embryogenesis
- Embryoid development in plant tissue culture
Embryoid
- Structure comparable to zygotic embryo in tissue culture from somatic cells
Epigenetic Variation
- Phenotypic variation not linked to genetic changes, but rather influenced by non-genetic factors
Explant
- Tissue piece isolated from plant for initiating a culture
Friable/Friability
- Tendency of plant cells/callus tissue to separate
Gene Bank
- Collection of germplasm (genetic resources)
Genetic Change
- Phenotypic variation due to genetic changes, transmitted through sexual reproduction
Germplasm
- Gene combinations available for breeding
Habituated
- Culture tissue/organ growing on nutrient medium without added plant hormones
Haploid
- Cell/nucleus with a single set of chromosomes
Heterokaryon
- Cell with dissimilar genetically unrelated nuclei
Heterozygous
- Organism with different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
- Organism with identical alleles for a particular trait
In Vitro
- In glass/artificial setting; cells/tissues removed from host organism for experimentation
In Vitro Propagation
- Propagation of plants in an artificial medium under controlled conditions.
In Vivo
- Within/inside the living organism
Inoculum
- Portion of a suspension cell culture for subculturing.
Meristemoid
- Localized group of meristematic cells in callus tissue that can differentiate into roots/shoots in culture.
Micropropagation
- Asexual/vegetative plant propagation using tissue culture
Morphogenesis
- Process of growth/development of plant form/structure
Nutrient Medium
- Solution for plant cell/tissue culture, containing inorganic/organic components, carbohydrate, vitamins, amino-acids, and plant hormones.
- Solidified by agar-agar.
Nurse Culture
- Isolated cells that don't divide on their own but can divide in the presence of other cells. Often used to help cells grow.
Organ Culture
- Maintaining an organ in-vitro (in a lab environment) without forming a callus.
Organogenesis
- Development of organs from undifferentiated cells in tissue culture.
Passage
- Transferring or "subculturing" tissue or cells to a fresh medium (a stage in tissue culture).
Plantlet
- A small, in-vitro-grown plant
Plant Tissue Culture
- Experimental technique. Cultures of plant cells, tissues, and organs in an artificial medium.
Plating Efficiency
- Percentage of colonies formed by cells/protoplasts plated
Primary Culture
- Plant culture started directly from a plant part.
Primordium
- Earliest stage in the development of a plant organ.
Protoplast
- Plant cell without its cell wall.
Protoplast Fusion
- Combining two or more protoplasts to form a single cell.
Somaclonal Variation
- Genetic variation arising during tissue culture.
Somatic Hybridization
- In-vitro fusion of protoplasts from different somatic cells.
Sterile
- Free from microorganisms.
Subculture
- To transfer cells to fresh media to maintain the culture.
Suspension Culture
- Culturing cells or cell aggregates in liquid medium.
Totipotency
- The ability of a plant cell to develop into a complete plant.
Transfection
- Introduction of foreign DNA into cells (often to study/effect gene expression).
Transgenesis
- Stable introduction of foreign DNA into a genome; results in genetic modification.
Virus-Free
- A plant certified to be free of specific plant viruses through testing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various techniques and concepts related to plant tissue culture. This quiz covers terms such as the development of shoots and roots, the role of auxins, and characteristics of clonal propagation. Perfect for students in botany or horticulture!
