Plant Tissue Culture in Plant Biology

Protoplasts = Cell walls removed enzymatically Micropropagation = Generation of callus from potato protoplast culture Sterile culture from seed = Seed sown on sterile medium usually MS medium with activated charcoal Suspension culture = Generation of haploid plants (anther culture)

Production of pathogen-free plants = Sterile culture from seed In vitro conservation efforts = Micropropagation (clonal) Regeneration of transgenic plants = Uses for tissue culture creation Production of secondary metabolites = Suspension culture of Clematis tangutica

Protocorms = Germinating seed starts to photosynthesize Somatic embryos = The ability to produce virtually unlimited numbers of clonal plants Callus = Liquid medium not agitated can undergo fusion Seedlings = Allows for changes in media composition

Plantlets regenerated from cell culture = Constant agitation and uniform distribution of cells allows gas exchange Clematis tangutica suspension culture = Production of haploid plants (anther culture) Liquid medium for cell suspension = Can be transformed and fragile due to lack of agitation Generation of haploid plants = Somatic embryos

Totipotency = Ability of single, differentiated cells, to develop into whole plants or plant organs, given the correct in vitro stimuli. Meristems = Regions of plant tissue where cell division and growth occur, giving rise to various plant parts. Apical meristems = Meristems located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for plant growth in length. Haberlandt = The father of tissue culture who was the first to keep plant cells alive on an artificial nutrient medium.

Root tip of radish (Raphanus sativus) = Used for tissue culture experiments involving root development. Shoot tip of lilac (Syringa vulgaris) = Utilized in tissue culture studies focusing on shoot growth and development. Epidermal cells of African violet petioles = Cells that demonstrate totipotency in forming roots and shoots in tissue culture. Root and shoot apical meristems = Regions of active cell division crucial for plant growth and development in tissue culture.

Plant tissue culture = The process of growing plant cells, tissues or organs on an artificial nutrient medium in a sterile laboratory environment. In vitro stimuli = External factors provided in a laboratory setting that induce specific responses from plant cells or tissues. Artificial nutrient medium = A sterile substance containing essential nutrients for plant growth, used in cultivating plants in a laboratory setting. Totipotent epidermal cells = Differentiated cells capable of giving rise to whole plants or plant organs under specific laboratory conditions.

Callus culture = Undifferentiated mass of cells induced to form in vitro Organogenesis = Induction of new organs from cultured tissues Somatic embryogenesis = Formation of embryos from somatic cells in culture Regeneration = Process of producing new plants from explant tissue

Intermediate auxin:cytokinin ratio = Callus culture Juvenile, easy to sterilize, and responsive to culture = Suitable explants for tissue culture Cultured in the dark to prevent differentiation = Callus culture Indefinitely subcultured, may lose redifferentiation ability = Embryos from callus

Orange trees = Somatic embryogenesis Poinsettia pulcherrima = Direct embryogenesis from explant Onion = Regeneration from callus Unspecified plant = Indirect embryogenesis via callus

Induces dormancy and inhibits seed germination = Abscisic acid Plays a role in stomatal closure and induces somatic embryogenesis = Abscisic acid General growth inhibitor and unwanted in plant tissue culture = Ethylene Controls fruit ripening and gas exchange is important = Ethylene