Plant Tissue Culture Applications

Compact callus has densely aggregated cells, while friable callus is characterized by loosely associated cells and is soft and breaks apart easily.

Embryogenic callus is crucial as it enables the regeneration of plantlets through organogenesis or embryogenesis.

The three stages of callus culture are induction, where cells dedifferentiate; proliferative stage, which involves rapid cell division; and morphogenesis stage, leading to differentiation and organized structure formation.

<p>Habituation is the process where the callus loses its requirement for auxin and/or cytokinin during long-term culture, making it more adaptable to growth conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell suspension culture consists of single cells and small cell clusters in liquid medium, while callus culture is more solid and typically formed from aggregated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auxin, specifically 2,4-D, is added to cell suspension cultures to promote cell division and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell suspension cultures exhibit five growth phases: lag phase, exponential phase, deceleration phase, stationary phase, and then decline phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constant agitation is necessary in cell suspension cultures to maintain even distribution of cells and nutrients and to improve growth rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organogenesis is the production of new organs that were not present in an explant previously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic embryogenesis is the process where a somatic cell differentiates into an embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic embryos are embryos formed from somatic cells and are bipolar, resembling zygotic embryos but lack vascular connection to the parent plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Callus culture produces unspecialized and unorganized cell masses, which are essential for inducing variations among plantlets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A callus culture requires an appropriate solid medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin at the correct ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of live cells decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adventitious shoots and roots are new organs induced to form on cultured plant tissues that were not present in the original explant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic embryogenesis allows large-scale vegetative propagation, particularly through the use of bioreactors for scaling up production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bioreactor facilitates large-scale production of metabolites and proteins while maintaining aseptic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protoplasts are plant cells with their cell walls removed enzymatically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic embryos can be cryopreserved, enabling long-term storage at very low temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protoplast fusion is the process of fusing protoplasts from two different plant species to create a hybrid with traits from both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid plants are essential for producing homozygous lines, which are crucial for genetic stability and improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Androgenesis is the formation of haploid plants through the culture of anthers or pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Androgenesis and gynogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irradiation can cause chromosomal breakage and elimination, leading to haploid formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somaclonal variation refers to the genetic variability observed in plants regenerated from tissue culture. It can benefit crop improvement by creating additional genetic variations that can enhance resilience and productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two advantages are the selection of plants resistant to various environmental stresses and the increase in production of secondary metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disadvantages include genetic instability, the possibility of undesirable characteristics, and the need for extensive field trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somaclonal variation may be unsuitable because it can lead to random and genetically unstable variants that do not reliably exhibit complex traits like yield and quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somaclonal variation allows for the identification of plants that exhibit resistance to toxins, herbicides, high salinity, and toxic minerals through selective breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollen is extracted by pressing and squeezing the anthers with a glass rod against the sides of a beaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colchicine treatment is used to induce the formation of diploid plants from haploids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gynogenic haploids are produced from the culture of ovaries or ovules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One major limitation is that plants can originate from various parts of the anther, resulting in mixed ploidy levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two methods are in situ conservation and ex situ conservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryopreservation is the freeze-preservation of genetic materials for long-term conservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variation among progeny from somatic cells cultured in vitro.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissecting unfertilized ovaries is difficult due to their delicate structure and the need for precision.</p> Signup and view all the answers