Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term that describes the ability of a single plant cell to develop into a complete plant?
What is the term that describes the ability of a single plant cell to develop into a complete plant?
- Totipotency (correct)
- Haploid culture
- Plant plasticity
- Asexual propagation
Which of the following best characterizes the process of plant tissue culture?
Which of the following best characterizes the process of plant tissue culture?
- Growing plants from seeds in soil
- A form of sexual plant propagation
- Cultivating plants in a natural environment
- Growing plantlets from pieces of plant tissue in a laboratory setting (correct)
Who first proposed the concept of plant cell totipotency?
Who first proposed the concept of plant cell totipotency?
- Phillip White
- Gottlieb Haberlandt (correct)
- Folke Skoog
- Toshio Murashige
Which scientist established the first successful root culture of tomato plants in an artificial medium?
Which scientist established the first successful root culture of tomato plants in an artificial medium?
What substance did Joannes Vanoverbeek use to promote the development of Datura embryos?
What substance did Joannes Vanoverbeek use to promote the development of Datura embryos?
Who was primarily responsible for identifying the role of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in plant tissues?
Who was primarily responsible for identifying the role of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in plant tissues?
What is the significance of the MS medium introduced by Murashige and Skoog?
What is the significance of the MS medium introduced by Murashige and Skoog?
Which of the following was a milestone in genetic engineering accomplished through anther culture of Datura?
Which of the following was a milestone in genetic engineering accomplished through anther culture of Datura?
What is the primary characteristic of callus tissue?
What is the primary characteristic of callus tissue?
Which technique involves the removal of plant cell walls?
Which technique involves the removal of plant cell walls?
What is the main purpose of subculturing callus?
What is the main purpose of subculturing callus?
Which of the following best describes cell suspension cultures?
Which of the following best describes cell suspension cultures?
What is the ultimate goal of callus differentiation?
What is the ultimate goal of callus differentiation?
Which technique is primarily used for generating haploid plants?
Which technique is primarily used for generating haploid plants?
What is a typical timeframe for subculturing callus?
What is a typical timeframe for subculturing callus?
What advantage of cell suspension cultures over other methods is mentioned in the text?
What advantage of cell suspension cultures over other methods is mentioned in the text?
What primary benefit does cell suspension culture offer in terms of substance access?
What primary benefit does cell suspension culture offer in terms of substance access?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cell suspension cultures?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cell suspension cultures?
What is a key advantage of cell suspension culture compared to other plant tissue culture methods?
What is a key advantage of cell suspension culture compared to other plant tissue culture methods?
What is the primary focus of Stage III in plant tissue culture?
What is the primary focus of Stage III in plant tissue culture?
Which of these components is NOT typically present in plant tissue culture media?
Which of these components is NOT typically present in plant tissue culture media?
What role do solidifying agents play in the medium used in plant tissue culture?
What role do solidifying agents play in the medium used in plant tissue culture?
What are macronutrients primarily essential for?
What are macronutrients primarily essential for?
What is a protoplast?
What is a protoplast?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of auxins and cytokinins in plant tissue culture?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of auxins and cytokinins in plant tissue culture?
What is the main role of agar in plant tissue culture?
What is the main role of agar in plant tissue culture?
Which of the following is NOT considered a major salt (macronutrient) used in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium?
Which of the following is NOT considered a major salt (macronutrient) used in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium?
In plant tissue culture, why is it important to use aseptic techniques?
In plant tissue culture, why is it important to use aseptic techniques?
Which piece of equipment is crucial for maintaining a sterile environment during plant tissue manipulation?
Which piece of equipment is crucial for maintaining a sterile environment during plant tissue manipulation?
What is the function of an autoclave in plant tissue culture?
What is the function of an autoclave in plant tissue culture?
Which of the following is NOT a typical component of the vitamin and organic compound mix in MS medium?
Which of the following is NOT a typical component of the vitamin and organic compound mix in MS medium?
What is the function of micropipettes in plant tissue culture?
What is the function of micropipettes in plant tissue culture?
What is a primary challenge associated with sterilizing bamboo explants in tissue culture?
What is a primary challenge associated with sterilizing bamboo explants in tissue culture?
Which of these best describes the role of cytokinins in bamboo tissue culture?
Which of these best describes the role of cytokinins in bamboo tissue culture?
Compared to semi-solid media, what is an advantage of using liquid media in bamboo tissue culture?
Compared to semi-solid media, what is an advantage of using liquid media in bamboo tissue culture?
Why is strict adherence to aseptic procedures crucial during all stages of the bamboo tissue culture process?
Why is strict adherence to aseptic procedures crucial during all stages of the bamboo tissue culture process?
What role do carbohydrates like sucrose play in bamboo tissue culture medium?
What role do carbohydrates like sucrose play in bamboo tissue culture medium?
What is a common effect of using coconut milk as a supplemental additive in bamboo tissue culture?
What is a common effect of using coconut milk as a supplemental additive in bamboo tissue culture?
Which statement is true regarding in vitro rooting of bamboo shoots?
Which statement is true regarding in vitro rooting of bamboo shoots?
What is a common practice during the hardening phase before transferring bamboo plantlets to field conditions?
What is a common practice during the hardening phase before transferring bamboo plantlets to field conditions?
Which of the following best describes the function of minor salts (micronutrients) in plant tissue culture?
Which of the following best describes the function of minor salts (micronutrients) in plant tissue culture?
In the context of plant tissue culture, what is the primary purpose of the 'hardening' phase?
In the context of plant tissue culture, what is the primary purpose of the 'hardening' phase?
Which of these components in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium primarily supports the development of plant structure and cellular functions?
Which of these components in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium primarily supports the development of plant structure and cellular functions?
Why is the use of a laminar flow cabinet important in plant tissue culture?
Why is the use of a laminar flow cabinet important in plant tissue culture?
What is the role of growth regulators in plant tissue culture?
What is the role of growth regulators in plant tissue culture?
In Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, what role does Calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 2H2O) primarily fulfill?
In Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, what role does Calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 2H2O) primarily fulfill?
The principle that a single plant cell can develop into an entire plant is termed:
The principle that a single plant cell can develop into an entire plant is termed:
Which of the following best describes the function of solidifying agents like agar in plant tissue culture media?
Which of the following best describes the function of solidifying agents like agar in plant tissue culture media?
What was the primary achievement of Phillip White in 1937 related to plant tissue culture?
What was the primary achievement of Phillip White in 1937 related to plant tissue culture?
What key substance did Joannes Vanoverbeek utilize to stimulate the development of young Datura embryos?
What key substance did Joannes Vanoverbeek utilize to stimulate the development of young Datura embryos?
Who among the following elucidated the functions of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in tobacco tissue cultures?
Who among the following elucidated the functions of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in tobacco tissue cultures?
The MS medium, widely adopted in plant tissue culture, was formulated by:
The MS medium, widely adopted in plant tissue culture, was formulated by:
The first successful production of haploid plants through anther culture was achieved by:
The first successful production of haploid plants through anther culture was achieved by:
How does plant plasticity, as mentioned in the text, contribute to the success of plant tissue culture?
How does plant plasticity, as mentioned in the text, contribute to the success of plant tissue culture?
What is the defining aspect of plant tissue culture?
What is the defining aspect of plant tissue culture?
What is the primary reason microbial contamination is a persistent threat in bamboo tissue culture?
What is the primary reason microbial contamination is a persistent threat in bamboo tissue culture?
Why might liquid media be preferred over semi-solid media for bamboo shoot multiplication?
Why might liquid media be preferred over semi-solid media for bamboo shoot multiplication?
What is the primary function of auxins like IAA and IBA in the context of bamboo tissue culture?
What is the primary function of auxins like IAA and IBA in the context of bamboo tissue culture?
What is the main benefit of adding antioxidants like ascorbic acid and citric acid to a bamboo tissue culture medium?
What is the main benefit of adding antioxidants like ascorbic acid and citric acid to a bamboo tissue culture medium?
Which factor significantly influences the rooting ability of bamboo shoots in vitro?
Which factor significantly influences the rooting ability of bamboo shoots in vitro?
What is the main purpose of maintaining plantlets under high humidity before field transfer in bamboo tissue culture?
What is the main purpose of maintaining plantlets under high humidity before field transfer in bamboo tissue culture?
What is a typical effect of using coconut milk as a supplemental additive in bamboo tissue culture?
What is a typical effect of using coconut milk as a supplemental additive in bamboo tissue culture?
Why is strict adherence to aseptic techniques essential in all stages of the bamboo tissue culture process?
Why is strict adherence to aseptic techniques essential in all stages of the bamboo tissue culture process?
In cell suspension cultures, what is the primary purpose of agitating the liquid medium?
In cell suspension cultures, what is the primary purpose of agitating the liquid medium?
Which method involves culturing isolated plant organs such as anthers and roots?
Which method involves culturing isolated plant organs such as anthers and roots?
What does 'Stage II' primarily focus on in the context of plant tissue culture?
What does 'Stage II' primarily focus on in the context of plant tissue culture?
Besides macronutrients and micronutrients, what other essential components are necessary for plant tissue culture media?
Besides macronutrients and micronutrients, what other essential components are necessary for plant tissue culture media?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 'solidifying agent' in plant tissue culture media?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 'solidifying agent' in plant tissue culture media?
How is cell suspension culture specifically beneficial for genetic engineering applications?
How is cell suspension culture specifically beneficial for genetic engineering applications?
What is the main focus during 'Stage III' of plant tissue culture?
What is the main focus during 'Stage III' of plant tissue culture?
Which of these best represents the role of micronutrients in plant tissue culture media?
Which of these best represents the role of micronutrients in plant tissue culture media?
Which of the following best describes the initial step in callus culture?
Which of the following best describes the initial step in callus culture?
What is the primary purpose of protoplast culture?
What is the primary purpose of protoplast culture?
What process allows for the continuous proliferation of callus while maintaining its undifferentiated state?
What process allows for the continuous proliferation of callus while maintaining its undifferentiated state?
Which of these techniques is particularly useful for rapidly multiplying cells and generating large quantities for various applications?
Which of these techniques is particularly useful for rapidly multiplying cells and generating large quantities for various applications?
What makes anther culture a valuable tool in plant breeding and genetics research?
What makes anther culture a valuable tool in plant breeding and genetics research?
What is the primary focus of callus differentiation?
What is the primary focus of callus differentiation?
In protoplast culture, why is the removal of cell walls considered a key step?
In protoplast culture, why is the removal of cell walls considered a key step?
What is the role of liquid growth medium in cell suspension culture?
What is the role of liquid growth medium in cell suspension culture?
Which of the following is a practical application of plant cell and tissue culture mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a practical application of plant cell and tissue culture mentioned in the text?
What is the primary reason for maintaining sterile conditions in plant cell and tissue culture?
What is the primary reason for maintaining sterile conditions in plant cell and tissue culture?
What is a key advantage that is expected in food production through biotechnology?
What is a key advantage that is expected in food production through biotechnology?
Which application of plant cell and tissue culture is mentioned as a method to deliver vaccines?
Which application of plant cell and tissue culture is mentioned as a method to deliver vaccines?
What is the process of inducing undifferentiated cell masses from plant explants referred to as?
What is the process of inducing undifferentiated cell masses from plant explants referred to as?
What is the primary goal of conventional plant breeding?
What is the primary goal of conventional plant breeding?
What is a significant challenge in conventional plant breeding programs?
What is a significant challenge in conventional plant breeding programs?
Why is it difficult to improve unisexual plants, like some papaya varieties, through breeding?
Why is it difficult to improve unisexual plants, like some papaya varieties, through breeding?
What is the result of crossing a hermaphrodite papaya plant with another hermaphrodite papaya plant?
What is the result of crossing a hermaphrodite papaya plant with another hermaphrodite papaya plant?
What method is used to introduce variation in conventional plant breeding?
What method is used to introduce variation in conventional plant breeding?
What is the primary purpose of gene silencing techniques in genetic engineering?
What is the primary purpose of gene silencing techniques in genetic engineering?
What does the term 'targeted modifications' refer to in the context of genetically engineered crops?
What does the term 'targeted modifications' refer to in the context of genetically engineered crops?
Which of the following best describes the role of 'vectors' in the gene insertion process?
Which of the following best describes the role of 'vectors' in the gene insertion process?
What is the primary aim of 'molecular analysis' in the genetic engineering process?
What is the primary aim of 'molecular analysis' in the genetic engineering process?
According to the provided information, which of the following is a benefit of genetically engineered crops?
According to the provided information, which of the following is a benefit of genetically engineered crops?
During the process of 'regeneration,' what is the main action that takes place in the context of genetic engineering?
During the process of 'regeneration,' what is the main action that takes place in the context of genetic engineering?
Which of the following is a primary goal of genetic engineering in relation to crop resilience?
Which of the following is a primary goal of genetic engineering in relation to crop resilience?
Besides higher yields and reduced pesticide use, what else can genetic engineering enhance in crops?
Besides higher yields and reduced pesticide use, what else can genetic engineering enhance in crops?
Which factor is NOT identified as a major contributor to plant shortages or extinctions?
Which factor is NOT identified as a major contributor to plant shortages or extinctions?
What is the primary function of a germ plasm bank?
What is the primary function of a germ plasm bank?
How does genetic diversity contribute to plant resilience against pests and diseases?
How does genetic diversity contribute to plant resilience against pests and diseases?
In the context of plant genetic resources, what does the term 'characterization' refer to?
In the context of plant genetic resources, what does the term 'characterization' refer to?
What is the main purpose of exploration in the context of collecting plant genetic resources?
What is the main purpose of exploration in the context of collecting plant genetic resources?
Which of the following best describes how germ plasm banks support research initiatives?
Which of the following best describes how germ plasm banks support research initiatives?
Which of the following is a direct outcome of the ability of plants to adapt to climate change, enabled by genetic diversity?
Which of the following is a direct outcome of the ability of plants to adapt to climate change, enabled by genetic diversity?
What vital function do germ plasm banks play in the utilization of plant genetic resources?
What vital function do germ plasm banks play in the utilization of plant genetic resources?
What is the primary role of genomic technologies in the context of germplasm collections?
What is the primary role of genomic technologies in the context of germplasm collections?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bioreactors in plant tissue culture?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bioreactors in plant tissue culture?
In bioreactor design, what is the significance of the 'vessel geometry'?
In bioreactor design, what is the significance of the 'vessel geometry'?
Which type of bioreactor is best suited for plant cell and hairy root cultures due to its use of buoyancy and gas flow for circulation?
Which type of bioreactor is best suited for plant cell and hairy root cultures due to its use of buoyancy and gas flow for circulation?
Why is 'material selection' a crucial design consideration for bioreactors?
Why is 'material selection' a crucial design consideration for bioreactors?
What is a primary distinction of packed-bed bioreactors?
What is a primary distinction of packed-bed bioreactors?
How do advancements in cryogenic storage techniques benefit the preservation of plant genetic resources?
How do advancements in cryogenic storage techniques benefit the preservation of plant genetic resources?
What is the role of automation in the context of handling plant genetic resources?
What is the role of automation in the context of handling plant genetic resources?
What is the primary function of pH sensors in plant cell cultures?
What is the primary function of pH sensors in plant cell cultures?
Which factor does NOT directly influence oxygen solubility in a bioreactor?
Which factor does NOT directly influence oxygen solubility in a bioreactor?
What is the focus of nutrient feeding in plant cell bioreactors?
What is the focus of nutrient feeding in plant cell bioreactors?
Which of these best describes the purpose of automated sampling in plant cell culture systems?
Which of these best describes the purpose of automated sampling in plant cell culture systems?
What is the primary challenge addressed by designing bioreactors with minimized shear forces?
What is the primary challenge addressed by designing bioreactors with minimized shear forces?
What is the primary difference between pilot-scale and commercial-scale bioreactor systems?
What is the primary difference between pilot-scale and commercial-scale bioreactor systems?
In managing oxygen supply for bioreactors, what does 'sparging' primarily refer to?
In managing oxygen supply for bioreactors, what does 'sparging' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'mass transfer kinetics' in the context of bioreactors primarily refer to?
What does the term 'mass transfer kinetics' in the context of bioreactors primarily refer to?
Flashcards
What is plant tissue culture?
What is plant tissue culture?
A method in which plantlets are grown from small pieces of plant tissue in a sterile laboratory environment using an artificial medium.
What is totipotency?
What is totipotency?
The ability of a single plant cell to develop into a complete, whole plant.
Who established the first successful root culture?
Who established the first successful root culture?
The first successful root culture of tomato plants was established by Phillip White in 1937.
Who used coconut milk in plant tissue culture?
Who used coconut milk in plant tissue culture?
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Who discovered the role of auxin and cytokinin?
Who discovered the role of auxin and cytokinin?
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Who developed the MS medium?
Who developed the MS medium?
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Who obtained the first haploid plants?
Who obtained the first haploid plants?
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Cell Suspension Culture
Cell Suspension Culture
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Protoplast Culture
Protoplast Culture
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Organ Culture
Organ Culture
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Plant Tissue Culture Media
Plant Tissue Culture Media
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Macronutrients
Macronutrients
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Micronutrients
Micronutrients
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Growth Regulators
Growth Regulators
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Media Sterilization
Media Sterilization
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Callus Culture
Callus Culture
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Anther Culture
Anther Culture
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Callus Initiation
Callus Initiation
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Callus Subculturing
Callus Subculturing
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Callus Differentiation
Callus Differentiation
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Callus Multiplication
Callus Multiplication
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Solidifying Agents
Solidifying Agents
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Major Salts
Major Salts
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Minor Salts
Minor Salts
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Vitamins and Organic Compounds
Vitamins and Organic Compounds
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Laminar Flow Cabinet
Laminar Flow Cabinet
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Autoclave
Autoclave
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Micropipettes
Micropipettes
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What is a major threat to bamboo tissue culture?
What is a major threat to bamboo tissue culture?
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What makes bamboo sterilization challenging?
What makes bamboo sterilization challenging?
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What is crucial to prevent contamination in bamboo tissue culture?
What is crucial to prevent contamination in bamboo tissue culture?
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What is the role of carbohydrates in bamboo culture media?
What is the role of carbohydrates in bamboo culture media?
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What is the role of phytohormones in bamboo tissue culture?
What is the role of phytohormones in bamboo tissue culture?
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How does the origin of bamboo shoots affect rooting?
How does the origin of bamboo shoots affect rooting?
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How can in vitro bamboo plantlets be acclimatized?
How can in vitro bamboo plantlets be acclimatized?
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What is the process of hardening in bamboo tissue culture?
What is the process of hardening in bamboo tissue culture?
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Totipotency
Totipotency
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Phillip White's Root Culture (1937)
Phillip White's Root Culture (1937)
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Coconut Milk's Role (1941)
Coconut Milk's Role (1941)
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Auxin and Cytokinin's Roles (1957)
Auxin and Cytokinin's Roles (1957)
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Murashige and Skoog (MS) Medium (1962)
Murashige and Skoog (MS) Medium (1962)
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First Haploid Plants (1962)
First Haploid Plants (1962)
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Plant Tissue Culture
Plant Tissue Culture
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Cell Culture
Cell Culture
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Bamboo Contamination Threat
Bamboo Contamination Threat
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Sterilization Challenges in Bamboo
Sterilization Challenges in Bamboo
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Why Aseptic Technique is Important
Why Aseptic Technique is Important
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Role of Carbohydrates in Bamboo Culture
Role of Carbohydrates in Bamboo Culture
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Phytohormone Effects on Bamboo
Phytohormone Effects on Bamboo
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Coconut Milk in Bamboo Culture
Coconut Milk in Bamboo Culture
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Antioxidants in Bamboo Tissue Culture
Antioxidants in Bamboo Tissue Culture
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Rooting Ease of Bamboo Shoots
Rooting Ease of Bamboo Shoots
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Aseptic Technique
Aseptic Technique
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Controlled Environment
Controlled Environment
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Suspension Culture
Suspension Culture
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Organogenesis
Organogenesis
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Gene Insertion in Plants
Gene Insertion in Plants
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Gene Silencing in Plants
Gene Silencing in Plants
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Genome Editing in Plants
Genome Editing in Plants
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Improved Resilience in Genetically Modified Crops
Improved Resilience in Genetically Modified Crops
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Higher Yields in Genetically Engineered Crops
Higher Yields in Genetically Engineered Crops
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Reduced Pesticide Use in Genetically Engineered Crops
Reduced Pesticide Use in Genetically Engineered Crops
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Enhanced Nutrition in Genetically Engineered Crops
Enhanced Nutrition in Genetically Engineered Crops
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Sustainability Certifications for Native Plant Production
Sustainability Certifications for Native Plant Production
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What is plant breeding?
What is plant breeding?
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What is conventional plant breeding?
What is conventional plant breeding?
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How has rDNA technology changed plant breeding?
How has rDNA technology changed plant breeding?
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What are the steps involved in conventional plant breeding?
What are the steps involved in conventional plant breeding?
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What's the main challenge with conventional plant breeding?
What's the main challenge with conventional plant breeding?
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What are bioreactors in plant tissue culture?
What are bioreactors in plant tissue culture?
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What are airlift bioreactors?
What are airlift bioreactors?
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What are packed-bed bioreactors?
What are packed-bed bioreactors?
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What are stirred-tank bioreactors?
What are stirred-tank bioreactors?
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What is vessel geometry in bioreactor design?
What is vessel geometry in bioreactor design?
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What is material selection in bioreactor design?
What is material selection in bioreactor design?
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What is impeller/sparger design in bioreactor design?
What is impeller/sparger design in bioreactor design?
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What is automation and control in bioreactor design?
What is automation and control in bioreactor design?
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Genetic Diversity in Plants
Genetic Diversity in Plants
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Germ Plasm Banks
Germ Plasm Banks
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Exploration of Plant Genetic Resources
Exploration of Plant Genetic Resources
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Documentation of Plant Genetic Resources
Documentation of Plant Genetic Resources
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Distribution of Plant Genetic Resources
Distribution of Plant Genetic Resources
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Research with Plant Genetic Resources
Research with Plant Genetic Resources
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Characterization of Plant Genetic Resources
Characterization of Plant Genetic Resources
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Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
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What is the importance of pH control in plant cell culture?
What is the importance of pH control in plant cell culture?
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Why is dissolved oxygen monitoring important in plant cell cultures?
Why is dissolved oxygen monitoring important in plant cell cultures?
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What is the purpose of biomass sensors in plant cell cultures?
What is the purpose of biomass sensors in plant cell cultures?
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Why is automated sampling important in plant cell cultures?
Why is automated sampling important in plant cell cultures?
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What is the role of aeration in plant cell culture?
What is the role of aeration in plant cell culture?
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What factors influence oxygen solubility in plant cell culture media?
What factors influence oxygen solubility in plant cell culture media?
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Why is modeling important for oxygen and nutrient transfer in plant cell cultures?
Why is modeling important for oxygen and nutrient transfer in plant cell cultures?
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What is the significance of scaling up bioreactor systems in plant cell culture?
What is the significance of scaling up bioreactor systems in plant cell culture?
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Study Notes
Plant Tissue Culture (SBS4063)
- Plant tissue culture is a method for asexual plant propagation
- It involves growing plantlets from small pieces of plant tissue
- An artificial, sterile medium cultivates plant cells in a lab setting
- Totipotency is the remarkable ability of a single plant cell to develop into a whole new plant
- Plant plasticity allows plants to adapt and thrive in various environments
- Plant tissue culturing can involve cells, tissues, organs, seeds, or other plant parts in a sterile environment on a nutrient medium.
- Plant tissue culture began around the start of the 20th century with the work of Gottlieb Haberlandt
- A highly technical method for asexual reproduction
- Grow plantlets from small pieces of plant tissue from a parent plant
- Use sterile artificial medium to grow cells in the lab
- Shows totipotency and high plasticity
Introduction and Historical Development of Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques
- Plant tissue culture had its origins in the early 20th century with the work of Gottlieb Haberlandt
- Phillip White successfully grew root cultures of tomato plants in 1937, demonstrating the viability of growing plant tissues in artificial media
- Joannes Vanoverbeek used coconut milk in 1941 to promote growth of young Datura embryos
- Folke Skoog and Carlos Miller identified the role of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in tobacco tissues in 1957
- Toshio Murashige and Folke Skoog introduced the MS medium, a widely used nutrient formulation for plant tissue culture, in 1962
- Sanford Gurha and Dhruba Maheshwari obtained the first haploid plants through anther culture of Datura in the 1960s
- White's work in the 1930s discovered plant growth regulators
Definition of Plant Tissue Culture
- Plant tissue culture is a highly technical asexual plant propagation technique
- Small pieces of plant tissue undergo growth development in a lab
- They are propagated in sterile artificial media
- Plant cells have the unique ability of totipotency
- Plants also show a high degree of plasticity
History of Plant Tissue Culture
- Gottlieb Haberlandt first proposed the concept of totipotency in plant cells in 1902
- Phillip White successfully grew root cultures of tomato in 1937
- Joannes Vanoverbeek used coconut milk in 1941 to promote growth of Datura embryos
- Skoog and Miller demonstrated the role of auxin and cytokinin in the 1950s
- Toshio Murashige and Folke Skoog developed the MS medium in 1962
- Sanford Gurha and Dhruba Maheshwari obtained haploid plants from Datura anther cultures in the 1960s
Various Techniques of Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures
- Callus Culture: Undifferentiated plant cells grown in nutrient-rich media; used for rapid cell multiplication and regeneration
- Cell Suspension: Single cells or small clusters grown in liquid media; enabling efficient mass production of cells
- Protoplast Culture: Removal of plant cell walls, enabling genetic manipulation and fusion for new plant varieties
- Anther Culture: Growing pollen-producing cells from anthers to produce haploid plants
Callus Multiplication
- Callus initiation: Unorganized mass of dividing cells from plant explants (leaves, stems, roots)
- Callus subculturing: Repeatedly transferring callus portions to fresh media to maintain proliferation and unorganized structure over time
- Callus differentiation: Induction of callus cells to develop into organized structures (shoots, roots, somatic embryos) enabling regeneration of whole plants
Cell Suspension Culture
- Culturing cells or cell aggregates (small clumps of cells) in liquid media
Protoplast Culture
- Plant cells with removed cell walls, enabling genetic manipulation and developing new plant variety creation.
Organ Culture
- Culture of isolated plant organs (anthers, roots, buds, shoots)
Method in Plant Tissue Culture
- Isolate plant cells/tissue
- Wash in double distilled water and sterilize with HgCl2/alcohol
- Transfer to nutritional media
- Incubation in BOD incubator
- Transfer plantlets to the greenhouse
Methods of Plant Tissue Culture
- Nutrient medium preparation
- Preparation of donor plant
- Initiation
- Multiplication
- Rooting
- Acclimatization
Preparation of plant tissue culture media
- Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Vitamins, Amino acids/nitrogen supplements, Source of carbon (Sucrose/sugar), Undefined organic supplements, Growth regulators (Cytokinins/auxin), Solidifying agents
Media Composition and Sterilization
- Macronutrients: Essential elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) for plant growth and development
- Micronutrients: Trace elements (iron, boron, zinc) needed in smaller quantities
- Growth Regulators: Hormones (auxins, cytokinins) control and direct plant growth
- Solidifying Agents: Compounds (agar) provide semi-solid support for plant tissues
Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
- Detailed list of components for the MS media containing major salts (macronutrients) and minor salts (micronutrients)
4 Stages of Plant Tissue Cultures
- Includes details on the various stages of plant growth during tissue culture (such as plant preparation, cuts into segments, sterilizing, subculture, and placing plantlets into cultivation medium)
Nature of Callus Tissue
- Detailed description of callus tissue types, including hard (compact, without intercellular spaces) and friable (fragile, loosely structured with intercellular spaces) callus tissue.
Plant Material Preparation
- Provides detailed steps for preparing plant material with aseptic techniques (e.g., washing, sterilization, soaking in ethanol) as crucial for contamination prevention, illustrated with photos
Aseptic Techniques and Equipment
- Laminar Flow Cabinets: Maintaining a sterile environment for tissue manipulation
- Autoclaves: Equipment for sterilization using high temperatures and pressures
- Micropipettes: Precisely measuring and transferring small volumes of media, solutions, and plant tissue
Contamination
- Microbial invaders (bacteria, fungi) and sterilization challenges (difficulty in sterilizing some tissues)
- Importance of strict aseptic techniques to preventing contamination during plant tissue procedures (illustrated with photos)
Culture Medium Optimization
- MS medium used for bamboo shoot initiation
- Liquid media enhances shoot multiplication better than semi-solid media
- Role of carbohydrates and phytohormones, including cytokinins and auxins to promote growth,
Supplemental Additives
- Coconut Milk: Enhances multiple shoot induction from plant nodal segments
- Antioxidants: (ascorbic acid, citric acid, cysteine) may improve multiple shoot induction
In Vitro Rooting
- Seedling-derived shoots root easier than older plant sources
- Endogenous auxins important for rooting
- Rooting frequency reduced with increasing source plant age
Acclimatization and Field Transfer
- Direct Acclimatization: Directly transferring in vitro plantlets to greenhouse conditions
- Potting Media: Using appropriate soil, sand, or compost mixtures for rooting plantlets
- Hardening: Maintaining plantlets under high humidity before transferring them to field conditions
Figures and experimental data
- Visual representations of plant tissue culture processes
- Plant tissue prep procedures illustrated in the image
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Description
Test your knowledge on plant tissue culture, totipotency, and key scientists who contributed to the field. This quiz covers important concepts, techniques, and milestones in plant biology related to tissue culture methods. Perfect for students and enthusiasts in botany and plant sciences.
