Plant Tissue Culture and Totipotency Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term that describes the ability of a single plant cell to develop into a complete plant?

Totipotency (correct)

Haploid culture

Plant plasticity

Asexual propagation

Which of the following best characterizes the process of plant tissue culture?

Growing plants from seeds in soil

A form of sexual plant propagation

Cultivating plants in a natural environment

Growing plantlets from pieces of plant tissue in a laboratory setting (correct)

Who first proposed the concept of plant cell totipotency?

Phillip White

Gottlieb Haberlandt (correct)

Folke Skoog

Toshio Murashige

Which scientist established the first successful root culture of tomato plants in an artificial medium?

Phillip White Signup and view all the answers

What substance did Joannes Vanoverbeek use to promote the development of Datura embryos?

Coconut milk Signup and view all the answers

Who was primarily responsible for identifying the role of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in plant tissues?

Folke Skoog and Carlos Miller Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the MS medium introduced by Murashige and Skoog?

It is a widely used nutrient formulation for plant tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a milestone in genetic engineering accomplished through anther culture of Datura?

The obtaining of haploid plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of callus tissue?

Undifferentiated mass of actively dividing cells Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves the removal of plant cell walls?

Protoplast culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of subculturing callus?

To maintain and propagate the callus in an undifferentiated state Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cell suspension cultures?

The culture of single cells or small cell clusters in liquid media Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of callus differentiation?

To regenerate whole plants, shoots, roots, or somatic embryos Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used for generating haploid plants?

Anther culture Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical timeframe for subculturing callus?

Every 2-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What advantage of cell suspension cultures over other methods is mentioned in the text?

Efficient mass production of cells Signup and view all the answers

What primary benefit does cell suspension culture offer in terms of substance access?

It ensures uniform exposure of cells to the medium. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cell suspension cultures?

Growth in a solid medium Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of cell suspension culture compared to other plant tissue culture methods?

Easy manipulation of environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Stage III in plant tissue culture?

Rooting of the plantlets Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components is NOT typically present in plant tissue culture media?

Gaseous compounds Signup and view all the answers

What role do solidifying agents play in the medium used in plant tissue culture?

Adding rigidity to the medium Signup and view all the answers

What are macronutrients primarily essential for?

Supporting general plant growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What is a protoplast?

A plant cell with its cell wall removed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of auxins and cytokinins in plant tissue culture?

To control and direct the plant's growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of agar in plant tissue culture?

To provide a semi-solid support structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a major salt (macronutrient) used in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium?

Potassium iodide Signup and view all the answers

In plant tissue culture, why is it important to use aseptic techniques?

To prevent contamination during manipulation of plant tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which piece of equipment is crucial for maintaining a sterile environment during plant tissue manipulation?

Laminar flow cabinet Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an autoclave in plant tissue culture?

To sterilize media, instruments, and glassware. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of the vitamin and organic compound mix in MS medium?

Cobalt chloride Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of micropipettes in plant tissue culture?

Precisely measuring and transferring small volumes of liquids Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge associated with sterilizing bamboo explants in tissue culture?

The hardy nature of bamboo tissues makes thorough surface sterilization difficult. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the role of cytokinins in bamboo tissue culture?

Promoting axillary shoot growth. Signup and view all the answers

Compared to semi-solid media, what is an advantage of using liquid media in bamboo tissue culture?

Enhanced shoot multiplication Signup and view all the answers

Why is strict adherence to aseptic procedures crucial during all stages of the bamboo tissue culture process?

To prevent microbial contamination. Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbohydrates like sucrose play in bamboo tissue culture medium?

Providing an energy source, carbon, and supporting osmotic balance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of using coconut milk as a supplemental additive in bamboo tissue culture?

Increased multiple shoot induction. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding in vitro rooting of bamboo shoots?

Rooting is easier from shoots of seedling origin compared to older plant sources. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common practice during the hardening phase before transferring bamboo plantlets to field conditions?

Maintaining plantlets under high humidity before gradual transfer. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of minor salts (micronutrients) in plant tissue culture?

Functioning as cofactors for enzymatic reactions and various metabolic pathways. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of plant tissue culture, what is the primary purpose of the 'hardening' phase?

To acclimatize newly regenerated plantlets for survival in external environments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium primarily supports the development of plant structure and cellular functions?

Major salts (macronutrients) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of a laminar flow cabinet important in plant tissue culture?

To offer a sterile work area by preventing the entry of airborne contaminants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth regulators in plant tissue culture?

To control and direct the plant's growth, influencing processes like root and shoot formation. Signup and view all the answers

In Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, what role does Calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 2H2O) primarily fulfill?

Playing a role in plant cell wall stability and cell membrane function. Signup and view all the answers

The principle that a single plant cell can develop into an entire plant is termed:

Totipotency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of solidifying agents like agar in plant tissue culture media?

To provide a semi-solid support for the plant tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary achievement of Phillip White in 1937 related to plant tissue culture?

Establishing the first root culture of tomato plants Signup and view all the answers

What key substance did Joannes Vanoverbeek utilize to stimulate the development of young Datura embryos?

Coconut milk Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following elucidated the functions of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in tobacco tissue cultures?

Folke Skoog and Carlos Miller Signup and view all the answers

The MS medium, widely adopted in plant tissue culture, was formulated by:

Toshio Murashige and Folke Skoog Signup and view all the answers

The first successful production of haploid plants through anther culture was achieved by:

Sanford Gurha and Dhruba Maheshwari Signup and view all the answers

How does plant plasticity, as mentioned in the text, contribute to the success of plant tissue culture?

It allows plants to tolerate artificial environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining aspect of plant tissue culture?

Growing plants from small pieces of tissue under controlled conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason microbial contamination is a persistent threat in bamboo tissue culture?

Bamboo explants are exceptionally sensitive to bacterial and fungal invaders. Signup and view all the answers

Why might liquid media be preferred over semi-solid media for bamboo shoot multiplication?

Liquid media generally enhances shoot multiplication in comparison to semi-solid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of auxins like IAA and IBA in the context of bamboo tissue culture?

To inhibit shoot growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of adding antioxidants like ascorbic acid and citric acid to a bamboo tissue culture medium?

To enhance multiple shoot induction. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences the rooting ability of bamboo shoots in vitro?

The age of the source plant material. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of maintaining plantlets under high humidity before field transfer in bamboo tissue culture?

To slowly acclimate plantlets to environmental changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical effect of using coconut milk as a supplemental additive in bamboo tissue culture?

It increases multiple shoot induction. Signup and view all the answers

Why is strict adherence to aseptic techniques essential in all stages of the bamboo tissue culture process?

To prevent microbial contamination of the cultures. Signup and view all the answers

In cell suspension cultures, what is the primary purpose of agitating the liquid medium?

To ensure uniform exposure of cells to nutrients and growth factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves culturing isolated plant organs such as anthers and roots?

Organ culture Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Stage II' primarily focus on in the context of plant tissue culture?

Mass propagation of shoots via cell multiplication Signup and view all the answers

Besides macronutrients and micronutrients, what other essential components are necessary for plant tissue culture media?

Vitamins, amino acids, a carbon source, and growth regulators. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 'solidifying agent' in plant tissue culture media?

To create a semi-solid or solid support for plant tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How is cell suspension culture specifically beneficial for genetic engineering applications?

It facilitates uniform cell multiplication and exposure for easy manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus during 'Stage III' of plant tissue culture?

The rooting of the shoots. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best represents the role of micronutrients in plant tissue culture media?

To function as trace elements essential for specific enzymatic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial step in callus culture?

Formation of an unorganized mass of cells from plant explants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of protoplast culture?

To facilitate genetic manipulation and cell fusion. Signup and view all the answers

What process allows for the continuous proliferation of callus while maintaining its undifferentiated state?

Callus subculturing Signup and view all the answers

Which of these techniques is particularly useful for rapidly multiplying cells and generating large quantities for various applications?

Cell suspension culture Signup and view all the answers

What makes anther culture a valuable tool in plant breeding and genetics research?

It generates haploid plants from pollen cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of callus differentiation?

To form shoots, roots, or somatic embryos from callus cells. Signup and view all the answers

In protoplast culture, why is the removal of cell walls considered a key step?

To facilitate genetic manipulation, cell fusion, and the creation of new plant varieties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of liquid growth medium in cell suspension culture?

To support individual cells or small clusters of cells, enabling their multiplication. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a practical application of plant cell and tissue culture mentioned in the text?

Producing disease-resistant varieties of crops. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for maintaining sterile conditions in plant cell and tissue culture?

To prevent contamination of cultures and encourage successful growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage that is expected in food production through biotechnology?

Reduced allergenicity of foods. Signup and view all the answers

Which application of plant cell and tissue culture is mentioned as a method to deliver vaccines?

Bananas engineered to deliver a hepatitis vaccine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of inducing undifferentiated cell masses from plant explants referred to as?

Callus culture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of conventional plant breeding?

To enhance crop yield and overall quality along with pest and disease resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in conventional plant breeding programs?

The relatively long duration needed to complete a breeding cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to improve unisexual plants, like some papaya varieties, through breeding?

Because males do not exhibit the characters that will appear in the fruit of their progeny. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of crossing a hermaphrodite papaya plant with another hermaphrodite papaya plant?

A combination of 1 female and 2 hermaphrodite offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to introduce variation in conventional plant breeding?

Mutation or crossing techniques. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gene silencing techniques in genetic engineering?

To suppress the expression of undesirable genes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'targeted modifications' refer to in the context of genetically engineered crops?

The precise modification of specific genes within a plant's genome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of 'vectors' in the gene insertion process?

To transport foreign genes into plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of 'molecular analysis' in the genetic engineering process?

To verify and characterize transgenic plants Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which of the following is a benefit of genetically engineered crops?

Reduced need for harmful chemical pesticides. Signup and view all the answers

During the process of 'regeneration,' what is the main action that takes place in the context of genetic engineering?

Regenerating whole transgenic plants from transformed cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal of genetic engineering in relation to crop resilience?

To engineer crops that are more resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. Signup and view all the answers

Besides higher yields and reduced pesticide use, what else can genetic engineering enhance in crops?

The production of beneficial nutrients, vitamins, and other compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT identified as a major contributor to plant shortages or extinctions?

Increased genetic diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a germ plasm bank?

To collect, document, and preserve plant genetic diversity Signup and view all the answers

How does genetic diversity contribute to plant resilience against pests and diseases?

By providing plants with adaptability to withstand evolving threats Signup and view all the answers

In the context of plant genetic resources, what does the term 'characterization' refer to?

The evaluation and documentation of a plant’s traits and characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of exploration in the context of collecting plant genetic resources?

To identify and gather plant genetic resources from various locations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how germ plasm banks support research initiatives?

By offering access to diverse genetic materials for research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct outcome of the ability of plants to adapt to climate change, enabled by genetic diversity?

Ensuring food security in the face of a changing climate Signup and view all the answers

What vital function do germ plasm banks play in the utilization of plant genetic resources?

They facilitate the exchange and distribution of plant genetic resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of genomic technologies in the context of germplasm collections?

To enable detailed characterization and use of genetic resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bioreactors in plant tissue culture?

To allow for slow, unmonitored development of plant cells Signup and view all the answers

In bioreactor design, what is the significance of the 'vessel geometry'?

It impacts mixing, mass transfer, and the ability to scale up Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bioreactor is best suited for plant cell and hairy root cultures due to its use of buoyancy and gas flow for circulation?

Airlift Bioreactors Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'material selection' a crucial design consideration for bioreactors?

It ensures the biocompatibility, sterilizability, and optimal optical properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary distinction of packed-bed bioreactors?

They contain plant cells or tissues immobilized on a solid matrix. Signup and view all the answers

How do advancements in cryogenic storage techniques benefit the preservation of plant genetic resources?

They enhance the long-term preservation of plant genetic resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of automation in the context of handling plant genetic resources?

It streamlines the collection, processing, and storage, increasing efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pH sensors in plant cell cultures?

To maintain optimal acidity or alkalinity levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT directly influence oxygen solubility in a bioreactor?

Agitation speed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of nutrient feeding in plant cell bioreactors?

Replenishing macro- and micro-nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the purpose of automated sampling in plant cell culture systems?

To enable frequent and sterile monitoring of culture parameters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge addressed by designing bioreactors with minimized shear forces?

Preventing damage to sensitive plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between pilot-scale and commercial-scale bioreactor systems?

Commercial-scale is for large-scale production. Signup and view all the answers

In managing oxygen supply for bioreactors, what does 'sparging' primarily refer to?

Introducing oxygen or other gases into the liquid medium. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mass transfer kinetics' in the context of bioreactors primarily refer to?

Modeling oxygen and nutrient transfer rates for optimal productivity. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Tissue Culture (SBS4063)

Plant tissue culture is a method for asexual plant propagation
It involves growing plantlets from small pieces of plant tissue
An artificial, sterile medium cultivates plant cells in a lab setting
Totipotency is the remarkable ability of a single plant cell to develop into a whole new plant
Plant plasticity allows plants to adapt and thrive in various environments
Plant tissue culturing can involve cells, tissues, organs, seeds, or other plant parts in a sterile environment on a nutrient medium.
Plant tissue culture began around the start of the 20th century with the work of Gottlieb Haberlandt
A highly technical method for asexual reproduction
Grow plantlets from small pieces of plant tissue from a parent plant
Use sterile artificial medium to grow cells in the lab
Shows totipotency and high plasticity

Introduction and Historical Development of Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques

Plant tissue culture had its origins in the early 20th century with the work of Gottlieb Haberlandt
Phillip White successfully grew root cultures of tomato plants in 1937, demonstrating the viability of growing plant tissues in artificial media
Joannes Vanoverbeek used coconut milk in 1941 to promote growth of young Datura embryos
Folke Skoog and Carlos Miller identified the role of auxin and cytokinin in regulating root and shoot formation in tobacco tissues in 1957
Toshio Murashige and Folke Skoog introduced the MS medium, a widely used nutrient formulation for plant tissue culture, in 1962
Sanford Gurha and Dhruba Maheshwari obtained the first haploid plants through anther culture of Datura in the 1960s
White's work in the 1930s discovered plant growth regulators

Definition of Plant Tissue Culture

Plant tissue culture is a highly technical asexual plant propagation technique
Small pieces of plant tissue undergo growth development in a lab
They are propagated in sterile artificial media
Plant cells have the unique ability of totipotency
Plants also show a high degree of plasticity

History of Plant Tissue Culture

Gottlieb Haberlandt first proposed the concept of totipotency in plant cells in 1902
Phillip White successfully grew root cultures of tomato in 1937
Joannes Vanoverbeek used coconut milk in 1941 to promote growth of Datura embryos
Skoog and Miller demonstrated the role of auxin and cytokinin in the 1950s
Toshio Murashige and Folke Skoog developed the MS medium in 1962
Sanford Gurha and Dhruba Maheshwari obtained haploid plants from Datura anther cultures in the 1960s

Various Techniques of Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures

Callus Culture: Undifferentiated plant cells grown in nutrient-rich media; used for rapid cell multiplication and regeneration
Cell Suspension: Single cells or small clusters grown in liquid media; enabling efficient mass production of cells
Protoplast Culture: Removal of plant cell walls, enabling genetic manipulation and fusion for new plant varieties
Anther Culture: Growing pollen-producing cells from anthers to produce haploid plants

Callus Multiplication

Callus initiation: Unorganized mass of dividing cells from plant explants (leaves, stems, roots)
Callus subculturing: Repeatedly transferring callus portions to fresh media to maintain proliferation and unorganized structure over time
Callus differentiation: Induction of callus cells to develop into organized structures (shoots, roots, somatic embryos) enabling regeneration of whole plants

Cell Suspension Culture

Culturing cells or cell aggregates (small clumps of cells) in liquid media

Protoplast Culture

Plant cells with removed cell walls, enabling genetic manipulation and developing new plant variety creation.

Organ Culture

Culture of isolated plant organs (anthers, roots, buds, shoots)

Method in Plant Tissue Culture

Isolate plant cells/tissue
Wash in double distilled water and sterilize with HgCl2/alcohol
Transfer to nutritional media
Incubation in BOD incubator
Transfer plantlets to the greenhouse

Methods of Plant Tissue Culture

Nutrient medium preparation
Preparation of donor plant
Initiation
Multiplication
Rooting
Acclimatization

Preparation of plant tissue culture media

Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Vitamins, Amino acids/nitrogen supplements, Source of carbon (Sucrose/sugar), Undefined organic supplements, Growth regulators (Cytokinins/auxin), Solidifying agents

Media Composition and Sterilization

Macronutrients: Essential elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) for plant growth and development
Micronutrients: Trace elements (iron, boron, zinc) needed in smaller quantities
Growth Regulators: Hormones (auxins, cytokinins) control and direct plant growth
Solidifying Agents: Compounds (agar) provide semi-solid support for plant tissues

Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium

Detailed list of components for the MS media containing major salts (macronutrients) and minor salts (micronutrients)

4 Stages of Plant Tissue Cultures

Includes details on the various stages of plant growth during tissue culture (such as plant preparation, cuts into segments, sterilizing, subculture, and placing plantlets into cultivation medium)

Nature of Callus Tissue

Detailed description of callus tissue types, including hard (compact, without intercellular spaces) and friable (fragile, loosely structured with intercellular spaces) callus tissue.

Plant Material Preparation

Provides detailed steps for preparing plant material with aseptic techniques (e.g., washing, sterilization, soaking in ethanol) as crucial for contamination prevention, illustrated with photos

Aseptic Techniques and Equipment

Laminar Flow Cabinets: Maintaining a sterile environment for tissue manipulation
Autoclaves: Equipment for sterilization using high temperatures and pressures
Micropipettes: Precisely measuring and transferring small volumes of media, solutions, and plant tissue

Contamination

Microbial invaders (bacteria, fungi) and sterilization challenges (difficulty in sterilizing some tissues)
Importance of strict aseptic techniques to preventing contamination during plant tissue procedures (illustrated with photos)

Culture Medium Optimization

MS medium used for bamboo shoot initiation
Liquid media enhances shoot multiplication better than semi-solid media
Role of carbohydrates and phytohormones, including cytokinins and auxins to promote growth,

Supplemental Additives

Coconut Milk: Enhances multiple shoot induction from plant nodal segments
Antioxidants: (ascorbic acid, citric acid, cysteine) may improve multiple shoot induction

In Vitro Rooting

Seedling-derived shoots root easier than older plant sources
Endogenous auxins important for rooting
Rooting frequency reduced with increasing source plant age

Acclimatization and Field Transfer

Direct Acclimatization: Directly transferring in vitro plantlets to greenhouse conditions
Potting Media: Using appropriate soil, sand, or compost mixtures for rooting plantlets
Hardening: Maintaining plantlets under high humidity before transferring them to field conditions

Figures and experimental data

Visual representations of plant tissue culture processes
Plant tissue prep procedures illustrated in the image

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Description

Test your knowledge on plant tissue culture, totipotency, and key scientists who contributed to the field. This quiz covers important concepts, techniques, and milestones in plant biology related to tissue culture methods. Perfect for students and enthusiasts in botany and plant sciences.