Questions and Answers
Plants have evolved two systems: the ______ root system and the aerial shoot system of stems and leaves.
subterranean
Roots ______ the plant in the soil and store food.
anchor
Most absorption of water and minerals in occurs near the ______ tips.
root
Stems raise leaves and flowers above ground and provide a ______ by which water, minerals, and food are transported.
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Leaves are the site of ______, i.e. food production.
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A ______ is the area of stem where a leaf is born.
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A ______ bud is located at the tip of stems or branches.
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A ______ is a horizontal stem that grows underground.
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Tubers are the ______ ends of rhizomes specialized for food storage.
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The primary function of organs in plants includes the stem, leaves, and ______.
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The ______ system consists of stems and leaves.
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Stems may be vegetative or ______ bearing.
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The ______ of the leaf joins it to the node of the stem.
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Leaves have a flattened, expanded portion known as the ______.
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Apical dominance refers to the prevention of ______ formation by the terminal bud.
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Stolons allow plants to ______ large areas and to reproduce asexually.
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Rhizomes are ______ stems that grow underground.
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Bulbs consist mostly of the swollen bases of ______ that store food.
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Study Notes
Plant Systems and Organs
- Plants have evolved two primary systems: subterranean root system and aerial shoot system comprising stems and leaves.
- Three main organs of plants are stems, leaves, and roots.
Roots
- Anchor the plant in the soil, providing stability.
- Store food that supports plant growth.
- Absorb minerals and water from the soil, primarily occurring near the root tips for optimal efficiency.
Shoots System
- Consists of stems and leaves, functioning as key structures for the plant.
- Stems elevate leaves and flowers above ground, which protects them from herbivores and enhances photosynthesis.
Stem Properties
- Stems may be vegetative (leaf-bearing) or reproductive (flower-bearing).
- Nodes are points on the stem where leaves emerge.
- Internodes are segments of the stem located between nodes.
- Buds represent areas for stem elongation, consisting of embryonic tissues for leaves and stems (not flowers).
Types of Buds
- Terminal bud is located at the tip of stems or branches, facilitating growth.
- Axillary bud can initiate new branches.
- Apical dominance is the phenomenon where the terminal bud suppresses branch formation.
Leaves
- Primary site for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into food for the plant.
- Petiole connects the leaf to the stem at the node.
- Blade refers to the flattened, expanded portion of the leaf, maximizing light absorption.
Modified Shoots
- Include stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs, often misidentified as roots.
- Stolons are horizontal stems that enable asexual reproduction and colonization over large areas.
- Rhizomes are also horizontal stems but grow underground.
- Tubers are specialized swollen rhizomes adapted for food storage.
- Bulbs are vertical, underground shoots, primarily comprising swollen leaf bases that store nutrients.
Plant Systems and Organs
- Plants have evolved two primary systems: subterranean root system and aerial shoot system comprising stems and leaves.
- Three main organs of plants are stems, leaves, and roots.
Roots
- Anchor the plant in the soil, providing stability.
- Store food that supports plant growth.
- Absorb minerals and water from the soil, primarily occurring near the root tips for optimal efficiency.
Shoots System
- Consists of stems and leaves, functioning as key structures for the plant.
- Stems elevate leaves and flowers above ground, which protects them from herbivores and enhances photosynthesis.
Stem Properties
- Stems may be vegetative (leaf-bearing) or reproductive (flower-bearing).
- Nodes are points on the stem where leaves emerge.
- Internodes are segments of the stem located between nodes.
- Buds represent areas for stem elongation, consisting of embryonic tissues for leaves and stems (not flowers).
Types of Buds
- Terminal bud is located at the tip of stems or branches, facilitating growth.
- Axillary bud can initiate new branches.
- Apical dominance is the phenomenon where the terminal bud suppresses branch formation.
Leaves
- Primary site for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into food for the plant.
- Petiole connects the leaf to the stem at the node.
- Blade refers to the flattened, expanded portion of the leaf, maximizing light absorption.
Modified Shoots
- Include stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs, often misidentified as roots.
- Stolons are horizontal stems that enable asexual reproduction and colonization over large areas.
- Rhizomes are also horizontal stems but grow underground.
- Tubers are specialized swollen rhizomes adapted for food storage.
- Bulbs are vertical, underground shoots, primarily comprising swollen leaf bases that store nutrients.
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Description
Learn about the two primary systems of plants: root system and shoot system, and their functions in supporting plant growth.
