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Questions and Answers
What process is primarily responsible for pulling water through the plant?
What process is primarily responsible for pulling water through the plant?
- Capillary action
- Transpiration (correct)
- Cohesion
- Evaporation
Which factor does not play a direct role in the movement of water through xylem cells?
Which factor does not play a direct role in the movement of water through xylem cells?
- Tension
- Photosynthesis (correct)
- Transpiration
- Osmosis
How does a water molecule's movement through the xylem begin?
How does a water molecule's movement through the xylem begin?
- By gravitational pull
- By active transport
- Due to osmotic pressure (correct)
- Through passive diffusion
What ensures that the next water molecule is pulled through the xylem after one is moved?
What ensures that the next water molecule is pulled through the xylem after one is moved?
What is the main effect of transpiration on water movement?
What is the main effect of transpiration on water movement?
What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?
What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?
Which of the following correctly describes active transport in plant roots?
Which of the following correctly describes active transport in plant roots?
What role do mycorrhizae play in plant nutrition?
What role do mycorrhizae play in plant nutrition?
Which statement correctly differentiates xylem from phloem?
Which statement correctly differentiates xylem from phloem?
What is a significant structural characteristic of xylem tissue?
What is a significant structural characteristic of xylem tissue?
How does Rhizobium benefit its relationship with plants?
How does Rhizobium benefit its relationship with plants?
Which tissue in plants is considered non-living at maturity?
Which tissue in plants is considered non-living at maturity?
Which component of phloem is responsible for transporting sugars?
Which component of phloem is responsible for transporting sugars?
What is the primary function of sieve tubes in plants?
What is the primary function of sieve tubes in plants?
Which process occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen?
Which process occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen?
Which component of chloroplasts is responsible for absorbing light energy?
Which component of chloroplasts is responsible for absorbing light energy?
What is produced during the Krebs cycle that is essential for the electron transport chain?
What is produced during the Krebs cycle that is essential for the electron transport chain?
Which part of the leaf structure plays the main role in photosynthesis?
Which part of the leaf structure plays the main role in photosynthesis?
What is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis?
What is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis?
During aerobic respiration, which intermediate product is formed from the breakdown of glucose?
During aerobic respiration, which intermediate product is formed from the breakdown of glucose?
What is primarily responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves of a plant?
What is primarily responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves of a plant?
Which component of the leaf structure is responsible for regulating the opening and closing of stomata?
Which component of the leaf structure is responsible for regulating the opening and closing of stomata?
What drives root pressure in plants?
What drives root pressure in plants?
What is the primary function of stomata in leaves?
What is the primary function of stomata in leaves?
How does the cohesion-tension model describe the movement of water in plants?
How does the cohesion-tension model describe the movement of water in plants?
What is transpiration primarily driven by?
What is transpiration primarily driven by?
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Study Notes
Plant Structure
- Plants consist of two main systems: underground roots for anchorage and moisture absorption, and above-ground shoots including stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Root Function
- Roots absorb nutrients dissolved in soil solution, enhancing surface area through root hairs for more effective nutrient uptake.
- Nutrient absorption occurs via active transport, requiring energy derived from mitochondria through respiration.
- Symbiotic relationships with microorganisms like mycorrhizae and Rhizobium improve nutrient efficiency; fungi expand root surface area, while bacteria convert nitrogen into usable nitrates.
Plant Tissue Categories
- Three primary plant tissue types include:
- Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves; composed of dead cells reinforced by lignin, a strong and water-resistant compound.
- Phloem: Transports sugars from leaves to other plant parts; consists of living sieve tubes and companion cells that regulate sieve tube activities.
Photosynthesis
- Plants are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis primarily in leaves.
- Leaves’ flat structure maximizes light absorption; chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures solar energy.
- Importance of photosynthesis includes supporting life on Earth and generating oxygen.
Respiration
- Both plant and animal cells derive energy from aerobic respiration, producing ATP.
- Aerobic respiration occurs in two stages:
- Glycolysis: Takes place in the cytosol, breaking glucose into pyruvic acid without oxygen.
- Krebs Cycle: Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria for further breakdown, generating NADH.
Leaf Structure
- Cuticle: Waxy layer preventing water loss.
- Upper Epidermis: Protective dermal tissue.
- Ground Tissue:
- Palisade Mesophyll: Major photosynthesis site.
- Spongy Mesophyll: Contains vascular tissue and air spaces.
- Lower Epidermis: Houses guard cells and stomata; guard cells regulate stomatal openings for gas exchange.
Transpiration
- Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves.
- Leaf control mechanisms for transpiration include:
- Regulation of stomatal opening.
- Environmental humidity and temperature adjustment.
Water Transport in Plants
- Xylem transports water and minerals vital for photosynthesis.
- Water movement mechanisms:
- Root Pressure: Generated by continuous osmotic water movement from soil through root hairs.
- Cohesion-Tension Model: Cohesion among water molecules helps pull water upward.
- Transpiration: Evaporation of water from leaves creates a pull effect driving water movement through xylem.
Key Processes
- Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low concentration across semipermeable membranes, requiring no energy.
- Adhesion: Water's tendency to stick to xylem walls assists in counteracting gravity during upward transport.
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