Plant Organ Systems

A type of plant tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

A type of plant tissue responsible for transporting food (sugars) produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

The above-ground part of a vascular plant, responsible for photosynthesis, reproduction, and support.

The underground part of a vascular plant responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

Undifferentiated cells in plants responsible for growth. Found at the tips of roots and shoots.

Chemical messengers in plants that regulate growth, development, and responses to the environment.

The process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food (sugars).

The main photosynthetic organs of plants, responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy.

The first roots to develop from a seed, growing downward and giving rise to secondary roots.

Roots branching off from primary roots, growing outwards and downwards to increase the surface area for absorbing water and nutrients.

Tiny projections on roots that increase the surface area, enhancing water and nutrient absorption from the soil.

Plant tissues responsible for continuous cell division and growth, found in specific plant regions.

Meristematic tissues located at the tips of stems and roots, enabling plant to grow in length.

Meristematic tissues that facilitate plant growth in thickness, allowing them to become wider.

Meristematic tissues found only in monocots, at the base of leaf blades and nodes, enabling monocots to grow in length even after being cut.

The region on a stem where a leaf, aerial root, or flower is attached.

The section of stem between two nodes.

The stalk connecting a leaf to the stem.

A bud located in the axil (angle between a leaf and the stem) that can develop into a branch or a flower.

The tip of the shoot containing the apical meristem, responsible for primary growth.

The outermost layer of plant tissue, responsible for protection and gas exchange.

The tissue responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant.

The tissue that makes up the bulk of the plant and is involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support.

A group of plants that includes cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes, characterized by the presence of seeds but lacking flowers or fruits.

A type of gymnosperm known for its distinctive fan-shaped leaves and resistance to pollution, with separate male and female plants.

A specific type of gymnosperm that dominated the landscape during the age of dinosaurs and includes cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.

A type of plant tissue found in gnetophytes and angiosperms, which allows for efficient water transport.

A compound extracted from Ephedra plants used in medicine as a decongestant and vasoconstrictor, similar in structure and effects to amphetamines.

A tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells that protects the plant from damage.

A single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue of a plant stem.

Openings on the surface of leaves that allow the exchange of gases, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor.

Two specialized cells that surround each stoma, controlling its opening and closing, thus regulating the exchange of gases.

Hair-like structures on the epidermal surface of plants. They help reduce water loss, reflect sunlight, and defend against herbivores.

The process by which plants lose water from aboveground parts like leaves and stems.

A tough compound found in the secondary cell walls of woody plants. It provides strength and rigidity to the plant.

Xylem cells that are shorter and have thinner walls compared to tracheids. They are connected by perforation plates at the end walls, allowing water to move up the plant.

A group of plants that includes club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses. They are seedless vascular plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves.

A diverse group of seedless vascular plants known for their large leaves called fronds and complex vascular systems. Many ferns also form branching roots.

The phylum of gymnosperms that includes conifers like pines, firs, and spruces. Most are tall trees with scale-like or needle-like leaves adapted to cold and dry weather.

A group of gymnosperms that includes cycads, which resemble small palm trees but are not closely related. They have distinctive cones and large, compound leaves typically found in tropical or subtropical regions.

A small phylum of gymnosperms that includes the ginkgo tree. Ginkgoes are unique in their fan-shaped leaves and often have fleshy seeds.

A phylum of gymnosperms that includes the gnetophytes, which are considered to show a closer relationship to angiosperms (flowering plants) than other gymnosperms. They have true xylem tissue containing both tracheids and vessel elements.