Plant Organ Systems and Tissues

The two main organ systems in vascular plants are the shoot system and the root system.

The primary function of the shoot system is to absorb light for photosynthesis.

Stems provide support and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

<p>Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buds are undeveloped shoots that can develop into new stems, leaves, or flowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, while phloem transports food produced by the leaves to the rest of the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meristems are regions of undifferentiated cells responsible for plant growth, located at the tips of roots and shoots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant hormones are chemical substances that regulate various growth processes in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The root system anchors the plant and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots to enhance water and nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary roots develop first from a seed and grow downward, while secondary roots branch off from primary roots and grow outward and downward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meristematic tissues are regions of continuous cell division and growth, found in meristems at the tips of stems and roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apical meristems allow a plant to extend in length, located at the tips of stems and roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral meristems facilitate growth in thickness or girth, while apical meristems enable length growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intercalary meristems are found at the bases of leaf blades and nodes in monocots; they allow for continued elongation after mowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shoot system and root system collaborate to maintain plant health by facilitating necessary nutrient and water exchanges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sieve-tube cells are responsible for transporting organic substances such as sugars and amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substances flow from one sieve-tube cell to the next through perforated sieve plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Companion cells provide metabolic support to sieve-tube cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In dicot stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ground tissue is mostly made up of parenchyma cells, along with collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vascular cambium produces new cells for the xylem and phloem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pith is the ground tissue interior to the vascular tissue, while the cortex is the layer between the vascular tissue and the epidermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of secondary tissues are simple and complex tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characteristic growth rings are produced as individual vascular bundles grow together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dermal tissue covers the outer surface of the plant and controls gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stem connects the roots to the leaves, facilitating the transport of water, minerals, and sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A node is the point of attachment for leaves, while an internode is the stem region between two nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An axillary bud is found in the axil between the base of a leaf and the stem, and it can give rise to a branch or flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three tissue systems in plant stems are dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomates for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The apex contains the apical meristem, which is responsible for primary growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four major divisions of modern gymnosperms are Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lycophytes are characterized by their club-shaped or spike-like structures and the presence of scale-like leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conifers possess scalelike or needle-like leaves with a waxy cuticle, which limits water loss and allows snow to slide off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gnetophyta are considered the closest group to angiosperms because they produce true xylem tissue containing both tracheids and vessel elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferns have true leaves (fronds) and complex vascular systems, allowing for more efficient nutrient and water transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary cambium generates the vascular systems of trunks or stems, which is vital for growth and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needle-shaped leaves reduce surface area, minimizing water loss through transpiration while also allowing snow to easily slide off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of lycophytes include Lycopodium (true club mosses) with branching stems and Isoetes (quillworts) with quill-like leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spermatophytes are defined by the presence of seeds, distinguishing them from seedless plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gnetophytes are the closest relatives to modern angiosperms, featuring broad leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whisk ferns have slender, forked stems with minimal leaves and perform photosynthesis in the green stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cycads are often mistaken for palms due to their large, compound leaves that resemble those of palms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Welwitschia plants can live for up to 2000 years and are found in desert regions of Namibia and Angola.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conifer wood is referred to as 'soft wood' and contains tracheid but lacks vessel elements, unlike angiosperm wood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gnetum species are primarily found as vines in tropical and subtropical zones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equisetum is the only surviving genus of the Arthrophyta group, characterized by scale-like leaves and joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers