Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the shoot apical meristem?
What is the primary function of the shoot apical meristem?
- Storing food reserves for the plant.
- Producing new leaves and axillary buds. (correct)
- Anchoring the plant in the ground.
- Absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.
Older leaf primordia are formed above newer leaf primordia.
Older leaf primordia are formed above newer leaf primordia.
False (B)
What is the term for the main axis of a compound leaf?
What is the term for the main axis of a compound leaf?
rachis
In a grass leaf, the part of the leaf that wraps around the stem is called the _______.
In a grass leaf, the part of the leaf that wraps around the stem is called the _______.
Match the leaf type with its description
Match the leaf type with its description
Which structure connects the leaf blade to the stem?
Which structure connects the leaf blade to the stem?
Acicular leaves are typically broad and flat.
Acicular leaves are typically broad and flat.
What is the term for the upper surface of a leaf?
What is the term for the upper surface of a leaf?
The lower surface of the leaf is called the _______ surface.
The lower surface of the leaf is called the _______ surface.
Match the leaf surface with its typical stoma concentration:
Match the leaf surface with its typical stoma concentration:
In a typical dicot leaf, where is the palisade mesophyll located?
In a typical dicot leaf, where is the palisade mesophyll located?
The spongy mesophyll layer is more tightly packed than the palisade mesophyll layer.
The spongy mesophyll layer is more tightly packed than the palisade mesophyll layer.
What cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?
What cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?
The waxy layer that covers the epidermis of a leaf is called the _______.
The waxy layer that covers the epidermis of a leaf is called the _______.
Match the tissue with its primary function in a leaf:
Match the tissue with its primary function in a leaf:
In dorsiventral leaves, which layer occurs adaxially?
In dorsiventral leaves, which layer occurs adaxially?
In isobilateral leaves, palisade parenchyma exclusively occurs on the adaxial side.
In isobilateral leaves, palisade parenchyma exclusively occurs on the adaxial side.
In monocot leaves, what specialized cells are involved in the rolling and unrolling movements of the leaf?
In monocot leaves, what specialized cells are involved in the rolling and unrolling movements of the leaf?
In a pine leaf, the heavily cuticularized outer layer with thick walls is the _______.
In a pine leaf, the heavily cuticularized outer layer with thick walls is the _______.
Match the leaf type to its photosynthetic pathway:
Match the leaf type to its photosynthetic pathway:
In Gymnosperm leaves, such as pine needles, what specialized tissue aids in conduction between the vascular bundle and mesophyll?
In Gymnosperm leaves, such as pine needles, what specialized tissue aids in conduction between the vascular bundle and mesophyll?
Modified leaves can only function for protection and not for support.
Modified leaves can only function for protection and not for support.
What leaf structure serves as a specialized stem or leaf used by climbing plants for support and attachment?
What leaf structure serves as a specialized stem or leaf used by climbing plants for support and attachment?
In cacti, _______ are modified leaves that provide protection.
In cacti, _______ are modified leaves that provide protection.
Match the modified leaf type with its function:
Match the modified leaf type with its function:
Where does meristematic activity continue in a Nepenthes (pitcher plant) which allows it to form a funnel shaped container?
Where does meristematic activity continue in a Nepenthes (pitcher plant) which allows it to form a funnel shaped container?
Betalains do not contain nitrogen, while anthocyanins do.
Betalains do not contain nitrogen, while anthocyanins do.
What pigment are betalains and anthocyanins considered as?
What pigment are betalains and anthocyanins considered as?
In climbing plants, what is tendril specialized for?
In climbing plants, what is tendril specialized for?
Match the color of bracts with the plant.
Match the color of bracts with the plant.
Which part of the banana plant is formed by overlapping leaf sheaths?
Which part of the banana plant is formed by overlapping leaf sheaths?
The tunic found in bulbs consists of new leaves.
The tunic found in bulbs consists of new leaves.
What type of root system do bulbs typically have?
What type of root system do bulbs typically have?
The bud from which a new shoot emerges from the bulb of a plant is known as the _______ bud.
The bud from which a new shoot emerges from the bulb of a plant is known as the _______ bud.
Match the layers of epidermis in plants with their features.
Match the layers of epidermis in plants with their features.
Where are water-soluble pigments most likely to be found?
Where are water-soluble pigments most likely to be found?
Leaf tendrils do not have a lamina or blade and cannot photosynthesize.
Leaf tendrils do not have a lamina or blade and cannot photosynthesize.
What kind of leaves subtend buds that develop into tendrils in the Passiflora stem tendril?
What kind of leaves subtend buds that develop into tendrils in the Passiflora stem tendril?
Tendrils can be located opposite of the foliage leaf on the _______ node.
Tendrils can be located opposite of the foliage leaf on the _______ node.
Match the location with layers.
Match the location with layers.
Flashcards
Apical Meristem
Apical Meristem
The area where new cells are produced in plants, found at the tips of roots and shoots.
Leaf Primordium
Leaf Primordium
A structure that will become a leaf.
Simple Leaf
Simple Leaf
A leaf with a single, undivided blade.
Palmately Compound Leaf
Palmately Compound Leaf
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Pinnately Compound Leaf
Pinnately Compound Leaf
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Rachis
Rachis
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Leaf Blade
Leaf Blade
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Leaf Sheath
Leaf Sheath
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Stipule
Stipule
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Petiole
Petiole
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Node
Node
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Axillary Bud
Axillary Bud
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Internode
Internode
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Acicular Leaves
Acicular Leaves
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Adaxial Surface
Adaxial Surface
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Abaxial Surface
Abaxial Surface
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Reticulate/Netted Venation
Reticulate/Netted Venation
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Cuticle (Leaf)
Cuticle (Leaf)
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Guard Cells
Guard Cells
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Stomata
Stomata
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Epidermis (Leaf)
Epidermis (Leaf)
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Mesophyll
Mesophyll
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Palisade Mesophyll
Palisade Mesophyll
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Spongy Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
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Bundle-Sheath Cell
Bundle-Sheath Cell
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Xylem
Xylem
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Phloem
Phloem
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Isobilateral Leaf
Isobilateral Leaf
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Bulliform Cells
Bulliform Cells
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C3 Plants
C3 Plants
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C4 Plants
C4 Plants
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Resin Duct
Resin Duct
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Transfusion Tissue
Transfusion Tissue
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Leaf Spines
Leaf Spines
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Storage Leaf
Storage Leaf
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Tendril
Tendril
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Bracts
Bracts
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Leaf Sheaths (Overlapping)
Leaf Sheaths (Overlapping)
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Corm
Corm
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Bulb
Bulb
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Study Notes
- Leaves
Apical Meristems
- Apical meristems contain the leaf primordium, axillary bud, protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
- The expansion zone develops above older leaf primordia
- New primordia continuously develop above existing ones
Leaf Types
- Leaves can be classified as palmately compound, pinnately compound, simple, or parallel monocotyledon
- A parallel leaf features a blade, auricle, stem, and sheath
Leaf Structure
- The leaf features a leaf lamina, stipule, petiole, node, axil, and internode
Needle Leaves
- Pine needles are acicular leaves.
Leaf Surfaces
- The adaxial surface is on the top side of the leaf
- The abaxial surface is on the underside of the leaf
Dicot Leaf
- Dicot leaves have a reticulate/netted venation
Key Components of Leaf Tissue
- Dermal tissue provides the outer protective layer
- Ground tissue includes cells such as the palisade and spongy mesophyll
- Vascular tissue includes the bundle sheath cell, xylem, and pholem
- The cuticle, sclerenchyma fibers, and stomata are specialized structures that aid in gas exchange and reduce water loss
Cross-sections of Leaves
- Key features are the upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, upper collenchyma, xylem, phloem, lower collenchyma and the lower epidermis
Stomata
- Stomata are surrounded by guard cells and contain an epidermal cells
Dorsiventral Dicot Leaves
- Palisade layers of dorsiventral dicot leaves occur adaxially
- Spongy layers of dorsiventral dicot leaves occur abaxially
Isobilateral Leaves
- Palisade parenchyma occurs adaxially and abaxially beneath the epidermis of the leaf
Monocot Leaf
- Features include guard cells, xylem, stomata, the cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, phloem, and bundle sheath
Grass Leaf
- A cross-section contains xylem, bulliform cells, and sclerenchyma
- Bulliform cells change turgor, playing a role in hygroscopic opening and closing
C3 and C4 Plants
- C3 plants include rice, wheat, and soybeans
- C4 plants include sugar cane, corn, and members of the grass family
Gymnosperm Leaf
- The epidermis is heavily cuticularized with thick walls
- The hypodermis is beneath the epidermis and has fiberlike cells with thick walls
- Lobed mesophyll cells and resin ducts are present in the mesophyll
- Sunken stomata are present
- The transfusion tissue consists of tracheids and parenchyma used for conduction between the vascular bundle and mesophyll
Modified Leaves
- Modified leaves include tendrils, spines, bracts, reproductive leaves, and storage leaves
- Bougainvillea have colored bracts that are modified leaves
Leaf Sheaths and Corms
- Banana plants have overlapping leaf sheaths and a corm
Bulbs
- Bulbs have new shoot flowers and leaves, fleshy scale leaves, a flower bud, and often a bulbil
- Bulbs also have a stem and fibrous roots
- They are covered by a tunica formed of old leaves
Cactus Modifications
- Cactus thorns are modified leaves, while the plant's green fleshy organ is the stem
Betalains and Anthocyanins
- Betalains and anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells
- Betalains contains nitrogen whereas anthocyanins do not
Tendrils
- Tendrils support climbing plants for support and attachment by twining around things
- They can photosynthesize
Leaf Tendrils
- Leaf tendrils can be found in grapes
Stem Tendrils
- A stem tendril is located on opposite side of the stem from a foliage leaf on the same node
- Stem tendrils may be branched or bear small leaves
Epiascidiate Leaf
- Found in Nepenthes, meristematic activity continues at the tip of the lamina, forming a funnel-shaped container
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