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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?
What are the two types of cells that make up the phloem?
What are the two types of cells that make up the phloem?
Sieve elements and cells that support the sieve elements
Gymnosperms are heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gymnosperms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gymnosperms?
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Gymnosperms were the dominant plant life during the ____ period.
Gymnosperms were the dominant plant life during the ____ period.
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Match the gymnosperm phylum with its representative example:
Match the gymnosperm phylum with its representative example:
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Which of these is NOT a phylum within gymnosperms?
Which of these is NOT a phylum within gymnosperms?
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What is the significance of gymnosperms' naked seeds?
What is the significance of gymnosperms' naked seeds?
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Hornworts, liverworts, and mosses are examples of ______ plants.
Hornworts, liverworts, and mosses are examples of ______ plants.
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Mosses absorb water and nutrients through their roots.
Mosses absorb water and nutrients through their roots.
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Which features distinguish mosses from vascular plants?
Which features distinguish mosses from vascular plants?
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Mosses can thrive in dry conditions and reproduce without the presence of water.
Mosses can thrive in dry conditions and reproduce without the presence of water.
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What type of tissues are responsible for the transport of water and nutrients in vascular plants?
What type of tissues are responsible for the transport of water and nutrients in vascular plants?
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What is the main composition of vascular plants?
What is the main composition of vascular plants?
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Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
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Ferns are examples of seeded vascular plants.
Ferns are examples of seeded vascular plants.
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Name one evolutionary advantage that vascular plants have over bryophytes.
Name one evolutionary advantage that vascular plants have over bryophytes.
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What is another name for vascular plants
What is another name for vascular plants
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_____, _____ , and _____ are seedless non-vascular plants that likely appeared early in land plant evolution.
_____, _____ , and _____ are seedless non-vascular plants that likely appeared early in land plant evolution.
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Phylum Pterophyta and Phylum Lycophyta belong to what category of plant?
Phylum Pterophyta and Phylum Lycophyta belong to what category of plant?
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Name four varieties of seedless vascular plants.
Name four varieties of seedless vascular plants.
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Heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds.
Heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds.
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Name two methods of pollination used by angiosperms.
Name two methods of pollination used by angiosperms.
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Another name for Angiosperm Phylum is_____.
Another name for Angiosperm Phylum is_____.
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Two functions of a flower.
Two functions of a flower.
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Two functions of the fruit.
Two functions of the fruit.
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The simplest arrangement of conductive cells shows a pattern of ______ at the center surrounded by _____.
The simplest arrangement of conductive cells shows a pattern of ______ at the center surrounded by _____.
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Three seedless, non-vascular plants are ______, ______, and ______.
Three seedless, non-vascular plants are ______, ______, and ______.
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Name four examples of gymnosperms.
Name four examples of gymnosperms.
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Gymnosperms and Angiosperms belong to the ______ family.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms belong to the ______ family.
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Name four seedless vascular plants.
Name four seedless vascular plants.
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Study Notes
Plant Kingdom
-
Plants evolved from a common green algal ancestor
-
Vascular and non-vascular plants
-
Non-vascular:
- Hornworts, liverworts, and mosses
- Seedless, non-vascular
- Likely appeared early in land plant evolution
- Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts):
- Smallest group of bryophytes
- Colonize various habitats, but require moisture
- Dominant phase is short, blue-green gametophyte
- Sporophyte is narrow, pipe-like
- Grows from parent gametophyte
- Example: Anthoceros
- Phylum Hepaticophyta (Liverworts):
- Closely related to earliest land plants
- Colonized all terrestrial habitats
- Diversified to over 7,000 species
- Example: Marchantia
- Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses):
- Over 10,000 species
- Habitats range from tundra to tropical forests
- Shallow rhizoids in tundra
- Slow erosion, store moisture
- Important as food and shelter for small animals
- Sensitive to air pollution
- Reproduce asexually via fragmentation and sexually
- Example: Marchantia
-
Vascular Plants:
- Dominant and conspicuous group
- More than 260,000 species
- Successful transition to all habitats
- Bryophytes depend on water for reproduction
- Vascular tissue for transport (water, minerals, nutrients)
- Xylem: Transports water, nutrients, and growth factors
- Phloem: Transports sugars, proteins
- Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk ferns):
- Ferns: Most recognizable seedless vascular plants
- Exhibit characteristics of seed plants
- More than 20,000 species
- Survive in various habitats, but mostly moist, shaded places
- Example: Equisetum
- Seed plants:
- Gymnosperms (naked seeds):
- Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads):
- Thrive in mild climates, often mistaken for palms
- Large, compound leaves
- Bear large cones, pollinated by beetles
- Dominated landscape during the age of dinosaurs
- Example:
- Phylum Gingkophyta (Ginkgo):
- Single surviving species
- Fan-shaped leaves (unique venation)
- Turn yellow in autumn
- Cultivated by Chinese Buddhists
- Male and female organs on separate plants
- Example: Ginkgo biloba
- Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers):
- Dominant gymnosperm phylum
- Typically tall trees
- Scale-like or needle-like leaves
- Reduced water evaporation
- Example: pine, spruce, fir, cedar, sequoia
- Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes):
- Closest relative to angiosperms
- Broad leaves (in tropics)
- Includes Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia
- Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads):
- Angiosperms (flowering plants):
- Most diverse phylum (more than 250,000 species)
- Two novel reproductive structures (flowers, fruit)
- Flowers: Pollination
- Fruits: Seed dispersal
- Key structures (sepals, petals, carpels, stamens).
- Gymnosperms (naked seeds):
Flower parts
- Modified leaves arranged around central stalk (peduncle)
- Sepals: Enclose unopened floral bud (calyx)
- Petals: Vivid colors to attract pollinators (corolla)
- Perianth: Sepals + petals, collectively.
- Carpels: Female reproductive organs (ovary, style, stigma)
- Stamens: Male reproductive organs (filament, anther).
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution and classification of plants, tracing their origins from green algae to their diverse forms today. This quiz covers vascular and non-vascular plants, including hornworts, liverworts, and mosses, highlighting their unique characteristics and ecological importance.
