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What is the primary role of jasmonates in plants?
What is the primary role of jasmonates in plants?
Oligosaccharins are primarily involved in promoting fruit development.
Oligosaccharins are primarily involved in promoting fruit development.
False
What physiological effects do brassinosteroids influence?
What physiological effects do brassinosteroids influence?
Many developmental and physiological processes.
Strigolactones inhibit lateral apical development in the absence of _____
Strigolactones inhibit lateral apical development in the absence of _____
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Match the following plant hormones with their functions:
Match the following plant hormones with their functions:
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What is the main process by which plants grow?
What is the main process by which plants grow?
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Meristem is a type of differentiated plant tissue that cannot divide.
Meristem is a type of differentiated plant tissue that cannot divide.
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What type of meristem is responsible for the length growth of roots and stems?
What type of meristem is responsible for the length growth of roots and stems?
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Primary growth in plants is facilitated by three types of meristem: protoderm, ground meristem, and __________.
Primary growth in plants is facilitated by three types of meristem: protoderm, ground meristem, and __________.
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Match the types of meristems with their functions:
Match the types of meristems with their functions:
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Which type of tissue do apical meristems give rise to?
Which type of tissue do apical meristems give rise to?
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Herbaceous plants experience secondary growth.
Herbaceous plants experience secondary growth.
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What happens to cells after they undergo cellular differentiation?
What happens to cells after they undergo cellular differentiation?
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Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for cell elongation in phototropism and gravitropism?
Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for cell elongation in phototropism and gravitropism?
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IAA is the only naturally occurring auxin that shows physiological activity.
IAA is the only naturally occurring auxin that shows physiological activity.
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What term describes the inhibition of lateral bud formation triggered by auxins?
What term describes the inhibition of lateral bud formation triggered by auxins?
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Cytokinins are most abundant in _____ tissues, such as roots and embryos.
Cytokinins are most abundant in _____ tissues, such as roots and embryos.
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Match the following plant hormones with their primary effect:
Match the following plant hormones with their primary effect:
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Which hormone is known to promote ripening of fruits?
Which hormone is known to promote ripening of fruits?
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Gibberellins can induce seedless fruit development.
Gibberellins can induce seedless fruit development.
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What gas is emitted by aging tissues and contributes to leaf fall?
What gas is emitted by aging tissues and contributes to leaf fall?
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Abscisic acid accumulates in response to _____ conditions.
Abscisic acid accumulates in response to _____ conditions.
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Match the hormone with its role:
Match the hormone with its role:
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Which hormone plays a minor role in the abscission process?
Which hormone plays a minor role in the abscission process?
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Synthetic auxins are not used in agricultural practices.
Synthetic auxins are not used in agricultural practices.
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What is the effect of applying synthetic auxins to tomato plants?
What is the effect of applying synthetic auxins to tomato plants?
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Ethylene causes the conversion of starches and acids to _____ during fruit ripening.
Ethylene causes the conversion of starches and acids to _____ during fruit ripening.
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Match the hormone with the feature it regulates:
Match the hormone with the feature it regulates:
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What is the primary function of cork cambium?
What is the primary function of cork cambium?
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Herbaceous plants primarily undergo secondary growth.
Herbaceous plants primarily undergo secondary growth.
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What are the two types of growth that occur in woody plants?
What are the two types of growth that occur in woody plants?
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The tissue that adds to the diameter of a stem or root is known as ________.
The tissue that adds to the diameter of a stem or root is known as ________.
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Which hormone is primarily associated with plant elongation and growth?
Which hormone is primarily associated with plant elongation and growth?
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Apical dominance promotes the growth of axillary buds.
Apical dominance promotes the growth of axillary buds.
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What is the term for the phenomenon where plants continue to grow throughout their life?
What is the term for the phenomenon where plants continue to grow throughout their life?
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The tough outermost layer of a woody plant is produced by the ________.
The tough outermost layer of a woody plant is produced by the ________.
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What do annual growth rings indicate?
What do annual growth rings indicate?
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Match the following plant hormones with their primary function:
Match the following plant hormones with their primary function:
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Lenticles allow for gas exchange in the secondary growth of plants.
Lenticles allow for gas exchange in the secondary growth of plants.
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What type of primary growth occurs at the tips of the roots and shoots?
What type of primary growth occurs at the tips of the roots and shoots?
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Late wood is denser than early wood due to ________ from the vascular cambium.
Late wood is denser than early wood due to ________ from the vascular cambium.
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Which of the following best describes the vascular cambium?
Which of the following best describes the vascular cambium?
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Monocots regularly exhibit significant secondary growth and increase in thickness.
Monocots regularly exhibit significant secondary growth and increase in thickness.
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Study Notes
Plant Growth: Key Elements and Processes
- Growth Mechanisms: Plants grow through a combination of cell growth (increasing cell size) and cell division (mitosis, increasing cell number). Cell differentiation (specialisation) also occurs.
Meristems: The Key to Continued Growth
- Meristems: Undifferentiated plant cells that continually divide and differentiate are crucial for continued growth and repair. They are found in various locations, each with specific effects on plant development.
- Apical meristems: Located at root and shoot tips, initiate primary growth (length/height). These differentiate into protoderm (epidermis), ground meristem (ground tissue), and procambium (xylem and phloem).
- Secondary meristems(cambium): Enable secondary growth (diameter increase) in woody plants.
- Vascular cambium: Produces secondary xylem and phloem, creating wood and increasing thickness.
- Cork cambium: Replaces epidermis with bark (cork).
Primary Growth
- Primary growth: Apical meristems at stem and root tips are responsible for rapid cell division and elongation, enabling plants to reach towards light and absorb water.
- Apical dominance: The apical bud (top shoot) suppresses the growth of lateral buds, influencing plant architecture. Removal of the apical bud can promote lateral branching, as seen in pruning.
Secondary Growth
- Secondary growth: Increases the thickness or girth of woody plants.
- Lateral meristems (vascular and cork cambium): These generate secondary xylem (wood, inward) and phloem (outward), causing the trunk/stem to thicken.
- Cork cambium: Creates the bark and protects the plant against damage and water loss, replacing the epidermis in older parts of the plant.
Annual Rings
- Annual Rings: Variations in cell size and wall thickness in secondary xylem from spring (early wood) and autumn (late wood) create visible rings. Analysis of annual rings provides information on tree age and past environmental conditions.
Plant Hormones and Growth Responses
- Plant Hormones: Chemicals that regulate diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and responses to environment. They differ from animal hormones in their site of production and location of action. In plants, hormones can interact synergistically or antagonistically.
- Auxins: Primarily responsible for cell elongation and control of apical dominance, leaf development, flowering, ripening, and rooting of cuttings.
- Cytokinins: Promote cell division (cytokinesis), delay senescence (aging), and influence differentiation in various plant parts.
- Gibberellins (GAs): Stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit/flower development.
- Abscisic Acid (ABA): Inhibits growth and induces dormancy, primarily as a response to stresses such as drought, cold, or decreased light.
- Ethylene: A gaseous hormone that triggers fruit ripening, leaf and flower abscission, and other processes.
- Nontraditional hormones (jasmonates, oligosaccharins, strigolactones, brassinosteroids): Exhibit various roles in defense, seed germination, mycorrhizae, and other developmental processes.
Growth Patterns
- Indeterminate growth: Some parts of the plant (stems and roots) continually grow throughout their life.
- Determinate growth: Other parts (leaves, flowers) stop growing once reaching a specific size.
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Description
Explore the essential processes and components involved in plant growth, focusing on growth mechanisms, types of meristems, and their roles in development. This quiz covers both primary and secondary growth, elaborating on the functions of apical and lateral meristems.
