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Questions and Answers
What is the optimum temperature range for plant growth?
What is the optimum temperature range for plant growth?
Which of the following measurements can be used to assess plant growth?
Which of the following measurements can be used to assess plant growth?
What does the term 'Absolute Growth Rate (AGR)' refer to?
What does the term 'Absolute Growth Rate (AGR)' refer to?
Which growth measurement tool is useful for recording primary growth per second?
Which growth measurement tool is useful for recording primary growth per second?
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Which type of growth involves a constant rate resulting in a linear curve?
Which type of growth involves a constant rate resulting in a linear curve?
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How is the Relative Growth Ratio (RGR) calculated?
How is the Relative Growth Ratio (RGR) calculated?
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Which hormone is primarily involved in controlling growth aspects in plants?
Which hormone is primarily involved in controlling growth aspects in plants?
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What mechanism aids the direction of growth for the root and shoot systems?
What mechanism aids the direction of growth for the root and shoot systems?
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What effect does brief exposure to red light of 660 nm have on short day plants?
What effect does brief exposure to red light of 660 nm have on short day plants?
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Which form of phytochrome is biologically active and stimulates flowering in long day plants?
Which form of phytochrome is biologically active and stimulates flowering in long day plants?
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What process does vernalization influence in plants?
What process does vernalization influence in plants?
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Which temperature range is effective for the vernalization process?
Which temperature range is effective for the vernalization process?
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What is the primary source of minerals that plants absorb for synthesis of food material?
What is the primary source of minerals that plants absorb for synthesis of food material?
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What is the term for the reversal of vernalization by high temperature treatment?
What is the term for the reversal of vernalization by high temperature treatment?
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What role does the chemical substance Florigen play in plants?
What role does the chemical substance Florigen play in plants?
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What happens to Pfr during the night in plants?
What happens to Pfr during the night in plants?
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What is the primary role of apical dominance in plants?
What is the primary role of apical dominance in plants?
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Which of the following results from the application of gibberellins?
Which of the following results from the application of gibberellins?
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Which natural source is known for producing cytokinins?
Which natural source is known for producing cytokinins?
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What effect does the foliar spray of synthetic auxins have on apples, pears, and oranges?
What effect does the foliar spray of synthetic auxins have on apples, pears, and oranges?
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Which process is specifically induced by gibberellins in rosette plants?
Which process is specifically induced by gibberellins in rosette plants?
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What is the effect of 2, 4-D herbicide?
What is the effect of 2, 4-D herbicide?
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How do gibberellins affect the germination of seeds?
How do gibberellins affect the germination of seeds?
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What property do cytokinins have regarding plant growth?
What property do cytokinins have regarding plant growth?
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Which of the following minerals are classified as essential for plants?
Which of the following minerals are classified as essential for plants?
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What role do microelements primarily play in plant growth?
What role do microelements primarily play in plant growth?
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Which of the following statements about macroelements is true?
Which of the following statements about macroelements is true?
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What is indicated by the symptom of chlorosis in plants?
What is indicated by the symptom of chlorosis in plants?
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Which of the following is true about non-essential minerals?
Which of the following is true about non-essential minerals?
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Critical concentration relates to which aspect of plant mineral nutrition?
Critical concentration relates to which aspect of plant mineral nutrition?
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Which macroelement is a component of chlorophyll?
Which macroelement is a component of chlorophyll?
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What defines the symptoms of necrosis in plant tissue?
What defines the symptoms of necrosis in plant tissue?
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What is a symptom of manganese deficiency in plants?
What is a symptom of manganese deficiency in plants?
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Which of the following functions is associated with molybdenum in plants?
Which of the following functions is associated with molybdenum in plants?
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Where is boron primarily required in the plant?
Where is boron primarily required in the plant?
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Which micronutrient is crucial for enzyme activation and is required in minute quantities?
Which micronutrient is crucial for enzyme activation and is required in minute quantities?
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What symptom is indicative of zinc deficiency in plants?
What symptom is indicative of zinc deficiency in plants?
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What is the role of chlorine in plant cells?
What is the role of chlorine in plant cells?
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What is the primary symptom of copper deficiency in plants?
What is the primary symptom of copper deficiency in plants?
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How does manganese toxicity affect other nutrients in plants?
How does manganese toxicity affect other nutrients in plants?
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What is the main difference between passive and active mineral absorption?
What is the main difference between passive and active mineral absorption?
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Which process involves the accumulation of anions inside the cell and the balancing of charge with additional cations?
Which process involves the accumulation of anions inside the cell and the balancing of charge with additional cations?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of passive mineral absorption?
Which of the following is NOT a method of passive mineral absorption?
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How does a lack of oxygen affect mineral absorption in plants?
How does a lack of oxygen affect mineral absorption in plants?
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What is the purpose of nitrogen fixation in plants?
What is the purpose of nitrogen fixation in plants?
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Which type of absorption requires the expenditure of metabolic energy?
Which type of absorption requires the expenditure of metabolic energy?
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Why is nitrogen considered a limiting element in productivity?
Why is nitrogen considered a limiting element in productivity?
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Which of the following processes is NOT involved in nitrogen fixation?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in nitrogen fixation?
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Study Notes
Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition
- Plant growth is a characteristic feature of living organisms, with two aspects:
- Quantitative: Increase in length, size, volume, numbers, body mass, etc.
- Qualitative: Change in the nature of growth.
- Growth is a permanent, irreversible increase in size, weight, shape, volume and dry weight of a plant.
- Growth occurs through cell division and enlargement, followed by cell maturation and differentiation.
- Growth in multicellular plants (vascular) is indeterminate.
- Growth occurs throughout the life of a plant.
Meristems
- Meristems are regions involved in active cell division in plants.
- Three types of meristems:
- Apical: Located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth (increase in length).
- Intercalary: Located at the nodes or bases of internodes, responsible for increasing the length of internodes.
- Lateral: Located laterally in the vascular bundles, responsible for increasing the stem girth (secondary growth).
Phases of Growth
-
Formative phase (cell division):
- Meristematic cells undergo mitosis, creating new cells.
- Cells are thin-walled and lack vacuoles.
-
Elongation phase (cell enlargement):
- Newly formed cells enlarge in size and volume due to water absorption.
- Turgidity (water pressure) causes cells to elongate.
- More cell wall substances are synthesized.
-
Maturation phase (differentiation):
- Enlarging cells become specialized for particular functions, with their morphology and physiology changing.
- Cells attain maturity.
Growth Rate
- Growth rate is the increased growth per unit time.
- Growth rates can be measured in various ways:
- Increase in cell numbers
- Increase in surface area
- Increase in length
- Increase in volume
- Increase in dry weight
Types of Growth
- Arithmetic growth: Growth rate is constant, resulting in a linear increase over time.
- Geometric growth: Growth rate increases rapidly over time, following exponential patterns, producing a J-shaped curve.
Growth Curve
- A graph showing the relationship between time and total growth.
- There are three phases in a growth curve: Lag, Log, and Stationary phases.
Photoperiodism
- Photoperiodism is the plant's response to the relative length of light and dark periods.
- It influences flowering in plants.
- Plants are classified into three types based on flowering response to photoperiod: Short-day plants, Long-day plants and Day-neutral plants.
Growth Hormones
- Plant hormones are organic compounds produced naturally that affect growth or other physiological functions.
- Examples include: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene.
Mineral Nutrition
- Minerals are inorganic substances crucial for plant synthesis of food materials.
- Essential minerals: Needed for normal plant growth and development.
- Non-essential minerals: Not indispensable for growth and development.
- Sources of minerals include: Soil, air and water
- Mineral deficiencies cause specific symptoms, impacting plant growth.
Nitrogen Cycle
- The nitrogen cycle involves the cyclic movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, soil, and organisms.
- Nitrogen fixation occurs when gaseous nitrogen is converted into biologically useful forms.
- Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia to nitrate, which is a usable form for plants.
- Denitrification is the process where nitrates are converted to atmospheric nitrogen.
- Two types of Nitrogen fixation: Biological and Industrial
De-differentiation and Re-differentiation
- De-differentiation: Living differentiated cells regain the capacity to divide.
- Re-differentiation: Cells produced by de-differentiation lose their capacity to divide and mature.
Development
- Development is progressive changes in shape, form, and complexity.
- Development in plants occurs from seed germination to senescence.
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Description
Explore the fascinating aspects of plant growth, including both quantitative and qualitative changes. Understand the role of meristems in active cell division and how they contribute to the overall growth and development of vascular plants. Test your knowledge on these essential botanical concepts.
