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Questions and Answers
What defines growth in living beings?
What defines growth in living beings?
What is unique about plant growth compared to other living beings?
What is unique about plant growth compared to other living beings?
What role do meristems play in plant growth?
What role do meristems play in plant growth?
What would likely happen if meristems ceased dividing in plants?
What would likely happen if meristems ceased dividing in plants?
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What is the term for the continuous addition of new cells to the plant body through meristem activity?
What is the term for the continuous addition of new cells to the plant body through meristem activity?
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What does the variable 'W0' represent in the exponential growth formula?
What does the variable 'W0' represent in the exponential growth formula?
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Which of the following accurately describes the metabolic activities associated with plant growth?
Which of the following accurately describes the metabolic activities associated with plant growth?
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Which statement accurately describes the relative growth rate?
Which statement accurately describes the relative growth rate?
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Which statement best describes the swelling of a piece of wood when placed in water?
Which statement best describes the swelling of a piece of wood when placed in water?
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In the context of plant growth, what is often essential for growth conditions?
In the context of plant growth, what is often essential for growth conditions?
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What are the factors governing plant developmental processes?
What are the factors governing plant developmental processes?
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What is indicated by the efficiency index in plant growth?
What is indicated by the efficiency index in plant growth?
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How is the absolute growth rate defined?
How is the absolute growth rate defined?
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Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the initial size (W0) in the growth equation?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the initial size (W0) in the growth equation?
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Which leaf would be considered to have a higher relative growth rate if both increase their area by 5 cm²?
Which leaf would be considered to have a higher relative growth rate if both increase their area by 5 cm²?
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What role does the base of natural logarithms (e) play in the growth equation?
What role does the base of natural logarithms (e) play in the growth equation?
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What is the primary role of water in plant growth?
What is the primary role of water in plant growth?
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Which environmental signal is mentioned as influencing plant growth phases?
Which environmental signal is mentioned as influencing plant growth phases?
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What occurs during the process of differentiation in plant cells?
What occurs during the process of differentiation in plant cells?
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What is dedifferentiation in plant cells?
What is dedifferentiation in plant cells?
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What type of cells can form meristems like interfascicular cambium?
What type of cells can form meristems like interfascicular cambium?
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What happens to tracheary elements during differentiation?
What happens to tracheary elements during differentiation?
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How would you describe a tumor in the context of plant growth?
How would you describe a tumor in the context of plant growth?
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What term is used for parenchyma cells that divide in laboratory conditions during tissue culture?
What term is used for parenchyma cells that divide in laboratory conditions during tissue culture?
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What is the significance of the final structure of plant cells at maturity?
What is the significance of the final structure of plant cells at maturity?
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What role does ethylene play among plant growth regulators?
What role does ethylene play among plant growth regulators?
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Which term best describes the changes an organism undergoes from seed germination to senescence?
Which term best describes the changes an organism undergoes from seed germination to senescence?
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Who were the first to observe the phenomenon of phototropism in plants?
Who were the first to observe the phenomenon of phototropism in plants?
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What characteristic of plants allows them to produce different structures in response to their environment?
What characteristic of plants allows them to produce different structures in response to their environment?
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In the context of plant development, what does the term 'heterophylly' refer to?
In the context of plant development, what does the term 'heterophylly' refer to?
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What was the active substance identified from the disease 'bakanae' in rice seedlings?
What was the active substance identified from the disease 'bakanae' in rice seedlings?
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Which factor was essential for the proliferation of callus from tobacco internodal segments?
Which factor was essential for the proliferation of callus from tobacco internodal segments?
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During the differentiation process of plant cells, which type of cells typically differentiates into root-cap cells?
During the differentiation process of plant cells, which type of cells typically differentiates into root-cap cells?
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What term describes the mass of undifferentiated cells observed in the experiment with tobacco stems?
What term describes the mass of undifferentiated cells observed in the experiment with tobacco stems?
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Which part of the developmental process of plant cells involves the actual increase in size?
Which part of the developmental process of plant cells involves the actual increase in size?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes meristematic cells?
Which of the following statements correctly describes meristematic cells?
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Who first isolated auxin from the coleoptile of oat seedlings?
Who first isolated auxin from the coleoptile of oat seedlings?
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What is primarily responsible for the different types of leaves observed in buttercup plants based on their environment?
What is primarily responsible for the different types of leaves observed in buttercup plants based on their environment?
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Which of the following was NOT part of the experiments leading to the discovery of PGRs?
Which of the following was NOT part of the experiments leading to the discovery of PGRs?
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Which of the following substances was used to identify the proliferation factor in tobacco stem callus?
Which of the following substances was used to identify the proliferation factor in tobacco stem callus?
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What is one of the primary functions of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?
What is one of the primary functions of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs)?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs)?
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What role does abscisic acid (ABA) play in response to environmental stresses in plants?
What role does abscisic acid (ABA) play in response to environmental stresses in plants?
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Which of the following events is specifically influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in plant growth?
Which of the following events is specifically influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in plant growth?
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In what way do plant growth regulators (PGRs) interact during seed dormancy?
In what way do plant growth regulators (PGRs) interact during seed dormancy?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of plant growth in higher plants?
Which of the following best describes the nature of plant growth in higher plants?
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What is one of the extrinsic factors that influence plant growth and development?
What is one of the extrinsic factors that influence plant growth and development?
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Which of the following describes the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on seed metabolism?
Which of the following describes the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on seed metabolism?
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Study Notes
Plant Growth and Development
- Plant growth is an irreversible increase in size, area, length, or volume.
- Growth is accompanied by metabolic processes.
- Plants have indeterminate growth—the capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life.
- Meristems are regions where cells actively divide, enabling continued growth.
- Root and shoot apical meristems contribute to elongation.
- Growth is measured by several parameters including fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume, and cell number.
- Growth rates can be arithmetic (constant increase) or geometric (exponential increase).
- Growth occurs in three phases: meristematic (cell division), elongation (cell enlargement), and maturation (specialization).
- Growth is measured by both absolute and relative growth rates.
- Plant development is the sum of growth and differentiation—all changes in an organism from germination to senescence.
Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
- PGRs are small molecules that regulate plant growth.
- There are five major groups: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
- PGRs can act synergistically or antagonistically.
- External factors (e.g., light, temperature) also influence growth.
Auxins
- Auxins, often IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), promote cell elongation, root initiation, and apical dominance.
- They are involved in fruit development, parthenocarpy, and inhibiting the growth of lateral buds.
- Synthetic auxins are used as herbicides and in rooting cuttings.
Gibberellins
- Gibberellins (GAs) promote stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit development.
- They increase the size and improve the shape of some fruits.
- GAs are used in agriculture to speed up the malting process in brewing and to promote early seed production in conifers.
Cytokinins
- Cytokinins promote cell division, leaf expansion, and delay senescence.
- They influence cell differentiation and promote shoot formation.
Ethylene
- Ethylene is a gaseous PGR involved in fruit ripening, abscission (leaf and fruit drop), and responses to stresses.
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- ABA is a growth inhibitor that plays a key role in dormancy, closing stomata, and stress responses.
- ABA regulates seed development and maturation.
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation
- Differentiation is the maturation of cells to perform specific functions.
- Dedifferentiation is the ability of a differentiated cell to regain its capacity to divide.
- Redifferentiation is the process where dedifferentiated cells become specialized again.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of plant growth through this quiz. Test your knowledge on the unique aspects of plant development, including the role of meristems, growth rates, and environmental factors. Understand the metabolic activities and conditions essential for optimal plant growth.
