Plant Evolution

Cell walls made of cellulose

320,000

First photosynthetic organisms on land

<p>Dependent embryo development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survival before germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gymnosperms have naked seeds, angiosperms have seeds enclosed in chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nourishes the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participation in pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not flagellated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>250,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry environment, gravity, and rapid temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alternation of generations, embryo protection, and apical meristem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lignified tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterospory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extremely reduced gametophytes and the production of seeds for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duplicates of seeds from around the world for long-term preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reduction of the gametophyte allowed plants to adapt to the challenges of terrestrial life by minimizing their dependency on water for sexual reproduction and increasing their ability to withstand dry conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five key innovations in plants, such as vascularization, heterospory, reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and flowers, played crucial roles in the adaptation and diversification of plants in terrestrial environments, leading to their evolutionary success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gymnosperms have naked seeds, while angiosperms have seeds enclosed in a fruit. Additionally, gymnosperms lack flowers, while angiosperms have flowers for sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double fertilization involves the fusion of two sperm cells with different nuclei in the embryo sac of the ovule, leading to the formation of a zygote and endosperm. This process ensures efficient resource allocation and seed development in flowering plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gymnosperms produce seeds (not enclosed in chambers) and have exposed seeds on sporophylls, while angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in chambers (ovaries) and have modified leaves specialized in reproduction called flowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollen and seeds are key terrestrial adaptations that evolved as the climate became much drier, allowing gymnosperms to outcompete many vascular seedless plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double fertilization in flowering plants involves one sperm cell fertilizing the egg to form a zygote, and the other sperm cell fusing with two nuclei of the central cell to form the endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fruit is the mature ovary of a flower, and it helps in seed dispersal by protecting the seeds and aiding in their transportation through various methods such as wind (anemochory) and animals (zoochory).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flowering plants have coevolved with animal species that participate in pollination, where the transfer of pollen to the female egg is independent of water, leading to non-motile sperm and promoting cross-pollination between individual plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosperms, or flowering plants, produce seeds enclosed in chambers (ovaries), and are the most diverse group of plants with approximately 250,000 species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flowers are modified leaves (sporophylls) specialized in reproduction. The carpel (megasporophyll) produces the ♀ gametophyte, and the stamen (microsporophyll) produces the ♂ gametophyte, leading to the formation of seeds after fertilization by pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In gymnosperms, the seed is exposed on sporophylls and can survive for years before germination, while in angiosperms, the seed is enclosed in a chamber (carpel) that matures into a fruit, aiding in seed dispersal and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The challenges of land colonization for plants included the dry environment, gravity, and rapid temperature changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The advantages of land colonization for plants included brighter sunlight and abundant nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key innovations for land colonization mentioned in the text were alternation of generations, embryo protection, and apical meristem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marchantia polymorpha, a liverwort, reproduces through gemmae in cups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bryophytes have life cycles dominated by gametophytes and lack a vascular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem and phloem are specialized transport tissues in vascular plants that transport water, nutrients, and sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of spores in vascular plants can be specialized, and heterospory offers advantages for genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed plants have key innovations, including extremely reduced gametophytes and the production of seeds for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway stores duplicates of seeds from around the world for long-term preservation, with indigenous communities contributing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooksonia, an ancient plant, had vascular tissues, liberated spores, and specialized cells for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-vascular plants, such as bryophytes, lack specialized water-conducting tissues and produce spores for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular plants, or tracheophytes, have a life cycle dominated by the sporophyte and possess lignified tissues for transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers