Plant Disease Forecasting Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the most crucial factor associated with pathogens in relation to disease development?

Primary inoculum density (correct)

Plant growth stage

Temperature variations

Soil quality

Which environmental factors are most significant for disease forecasting?

Wind direction and sunlight

Rainfall and soil pH

Soil texture and nutrient content

Temperature and moisture (correct)

Which temperature range is necessary for the prediction of blast of rice disease in India?

15-20°C

20-26°C (correct)

30-35°C

25-30°C

Which condition must be met for disease forecasting to be of practical value?

Control measures are known and economically feasible Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used to determine the presence of primary inoculum in the air?

Air trap devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used for forecasting wheat rust epidemics?

Rain sample analysis Signup and view all the answers

When observing weather conditions for disease forecasting, which time period should be emphasized?

From planting to crop maturity Signup and view all the answers

What is the required humidity level for predicting Tikka disease of ground nut?

95% or above Signup and view all the answers

What types of diseases are suitable for forecasting?

Destructive diseases with known control measures Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT required for the development of the brown stripe downy mildew of maize?

Sunny weather conditions Signup and view all the answers

How long should the diurnal period be for predicting Tikka disease of ground nut in the USA?

10 hours or longer Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge faced in estimating primary inoculum in a remote location?

Winds can bring in inoculum from distant places Signup and view all the answers

What is one key factor that influences the density and viability of primary inoculum?

Weather conditions such as moisture and temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of forecasting plant diseases?

To predict disease occurrence and enable timely control measures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor associated with the host that is important for disease forecasting?

Response of the host at various growth stages Signup and view all the answers

Why is it unnecessary to forecast a disease that cannot be controlled?

Control measures cannot be applied once the disease develops Signup and view all the answers

What information is essential regarding the pathogen for accurate disease forecasting?

Stages of the disease cycle including inoculum potential Signup and view all the answers

How does plant density affect the spread of plant diseases?

Higher density promotes the spread of epidemics Signup and view all the answers

What role does epidemiology play in disease forecasting?

It helps understand the development of diseases influenced by various factors Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the pathogen in disease forecasting?

Density of host plants Signup and view all the answers

What must be true for effective disease forecasting to be beneficial?

Control measures must exist for the diseases forecasted Signup and view all the answers

What is one key weather condition associated with forecasting the blast of rice?

Minimum night temperature between 20°C and 26°C Signup and view all the answers

Which disease has had a successful forecasting method developed for it specifically?

Late blight of potato Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of using computers for disease forecasting?

It provides results quickly and in advance Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT included as essential environmental data for computer-based disease forecasting?

Temperature fluctuations during the last month Signup and view all the answers

In forecasting diseases based on correlative information, what is primarily compared?

Weather conditions of several years and disease intensity Signup and view all the answers

What role does Blitecast serve in disease forecasting?

It analyses environmental data and returns disease forecasts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a measurement taken into account for disease forecasting?

Number of hours with humidity over 90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of recording local weather conditions above the crop during the forecasting process?

It provides accurate forecasts for diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Forecasting of Plant Diseases

Predicting the occurrence of a plant disease in a specific area to implement control measures before significant losses happen.
Requires a coordinated effort and resources.

Information needed for Disease Forecasting

Factors associated with the host:
- Presence of susceptible varieties in the area.
- Host's susceptibility at different growth stages.
- Density and distribution of the host.
Factors associated with the pathogen:
- Initial inoculum amount, dispersal, spore germination, infection, incubation period, sporulation, re-dispersal, perennating stages, inoculum density in soil, seed, and air.
- Assessing primary inoculum in air, soil, and planting material.
Factors associated with the environment:
- Temperature and moisture are key.
- Weather conditions during the crop season and intercrop periods.
- Environmental factors decisively impact disease development.

Conditions for Disease Forecasting

Destructive diseases causing significant economic losses.
Diseases with varying spread patterns, speed, and destructiveness.
Effective and economically viable control measures.
Well-understood weather-disease relationships.

Methods of Disease Forecasting

Forecasting based on primary inoculum:
- Detecting the presence, density, and viability of primary inoculum in air, soil, or planting material.
- Using air trap devices for airborne spores.
- Examining soil and planting material for inoculum.
Forecasting based on weather conditions:
- Measuring temperature, humidity, rainfall, and other weather factors.
- Recording local conditions above the crop and at the soil surface.
Forecasting based on correlative information:
- Collecting weather data over multiple years and correlating it with disease intensity.
Use of computers for disease forecasting:
- Advanced systems like Blitecast in the USA.
- Analyzing environmental data and predicting disease outbreaks.
- Recommending control measures to farmers.

Examples of Disease Forecasting

Late blight of potato:
- Requires specific weather conditions:
  - Night temperature below dew point for at least 4 hours.
  - Minimum temperature of 10℃ or above.
  - Cloudy conditions the following day.
  - Rainfall of at least 0.1 mm in the next 24 hours.
Tikka disease of ground nut:
- Predicted based on prolonged periods exceeding 10 hours of 95% relative humidity and temperatures above 21°C.
Blast of rice:
- Forecasted using correlative information and minimum night temperatures of 20-26°C with high relative humidity.
Wheat rust:
- Forecasted by analyzing rain samples for inoculum presence and wind trajectories for air-borne inoculum dispersal.
Brown stripe downy mildew of maize:
- Forecasted based on high rainfall (100-200 cm) and low temperatures (25°C or less).

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Description

This quiz covers the essential factors involved in forecasting plant diseases, such as host susceptibility, pathogen behavior, and environmental conditions. Understanding these elements is crucial for implementing effective control measures to prevent significant agricultural losses.